❶ t m ❷ igh a ❸ yr te p r i o a l C For reviewSpace purposes only ❹ © ❻ ❺ a i M l a a Frontierstr c m s i u lla n A n Educatio ❽ ❼ Hints for using Macmillan NOTE ON THE USE OF THE TERM RUSSIA Wall Charts: Space Frontiers These Wall Charts use the term Russia. Students in the classroom will need to be aware, when undertaking research, that between 1922 and 1991 the political The Wall Charts can be a valuable classroom entity now known as Russia referred to itself resource to: as the Soviet Union, United Soviet Socialist • provide a stimulus for discussion and research Republic or USSR. This includes the period of about space time relating to the space race. Also available: • provide background information that covers a range of themes about space frontiers including the history of space travel and space inventions • inspire critical thinking, analysis and reflection. The charts can be used with individual students, small groups or the whole class and can be displayed individually or as a set, as appropriate.ht m Display the front of the cihartg to students. Ask what a they can observe on the chart. Ask them to make Thinking Themes: r t Space Frontiers Ages 10+ inferences about what is displayed, what they think e ISBN 978 1 4202 7879 8 y is happening. Read the background information to the class. p r i Use the qouestions listed to stimulate further a discussion, or allocate the questions to students l for research.C The questions are organised under thinking skill headings so that teachers can foster higher order thinking in the classroom. Students might also create their own research questions or deForvise their oreviewwn areas of inquiry. Providepurposes time only Macmillan Young Library Series: Space Frontiers for sharing research information and for further Space Missions © ISBN: 978 1 4202 7332 8 discussion and inquiry. Living and Working in Space ISBN: 978 1 4202 7333 5 a Space Technology i ISBN: 978 1 4202 7334 2 l Our Solar System M ISBN: 978 1 4202 7335 9 The Universe a ISBN: 978 1 4202 7337 3 Space Science a r ISBN: 978 1 4202 7336 6 t c s m u illa A n E tion duca Questions—lists First published in 2010 by MACMILLAN EDUCATION questions for you to ask AUSTRALIA PTY LTD Background to students. The questions 15-19 Claremont Street, South Yarra 3141 chart—gives a are designed to support Visit our website at brief description of and facilitate the following www.macmillan.com.au each image on the thinking skills: Associated companies and representatives Wall Chart, plus any throughout the world. • Observing relevant information. Copyright © Macmillan • Comprehending Education Australia 2010 • Applying Macmillan Wall Charts: Space Frontiers • Analysing ISBN 978 1 4202 7900 9 • Reflecting Teaching notes by Colin Shipway • Evaluating Publisher: Sharon Dalgleish Managing editor: Bonnie Wilson Editor: Jess Ní Chuinn Proofreader: Mia Santoromito Design: Cliff Watt Printed by MPAL While every care has been taken to trace and acknowledge copyright, the publisher tenders apologies for any accidental infringement where copyright has proved untraceable. Where the search has been unsuccessful, the publisher welcomes information that would redress the situation. Key ideas—provides a few brief statements that sum up the key ideas covered by the images. Name: Neil Armstrong 1969 and Edwin ‘Buzz’ Aldrin (pictured) Country: North America Spacecraft: Apollo 11 Famous for: first humans on the Moon ight ma Spaceyr racete p r i o a Name: Valentina l C Tereshkova Country: Russia 1963 Spacecraft: Vostok 6 FamousFor for: first review woman in purposes only © space a i M l a a r Name: Yuri Gagarin t 1961 Country: cRussia s m u Spacecraft: Vostoki 1 A Famous for: first lhumanla in n space n Educatio Name: Laika Country: Russia 1957 Spacecraft: Sputnik 2 Famous for: first animal in space SPACE FRONTIERS Chart 1 Background to chart 1969: Neil Armstrong and Edwin Questions ‘Buzz’ Aldrin were the first humans This chart shows a time line that to walk on the Moon. Armstrong OBSERVING presents important milestones in the took this photo of Aldrin stepping • Describe the features of the space race. down from the lunar module Eagle. spacecraft that carried Laika into The two spent three hours on the space. After World War II, North America Moon’s surface while Michael Collins • What changes in technology have and Russia were engaged in a Cold remained in orbit ont board the enabled space travel? War. It was called a ‘cold’ war because h m commandg module Apollo 11. there was no physical fighting, but the i a r t COMPREHENDING two countries were opposed politically ySpace racee• Why were animals sent into space and ideologically. The development Key ideas before people? of superior space technology becamep r • The development of science • Suggesti a newspaper headline for important for potential military use eacha photo. and as evidence of superiority. Theo and technology has enabled humans to travel into space. space race unofficially commenced l in 1957 when Russia successfullyC • The space race was a race APPLYING launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial between communist Russia • What specific information was satellite to orbit the Earth. There is and capitalist America. They gathered about space travel from some debate about when theFor space reviewcompeted topurposes demonstrate onlyLaika’s mission? race ended and who won it. their ideological and military © superiority over each other. ANALYSING • Why do youa think there have been 1957: This photo shows Laika, a i Russian dog. Laika becameM the first no further Moonl landings since living thing to travel into space, on Apollo 17 (1972)?a r board Sputnik 2. Recent revelationsa • What mightt each person (or animal) confirm Laika died within a fewc hours be thinkings or feeling in the photos? of lift-off from stress and overheating.m Suggestu thought balloons for each. Nevertheless, the scientific results ill A from Laika’s mission paved the way an n REFLECTING for human space flight. E tio • How do you feel about the use of duca animals in space? 1961: Yuri Gagarin was a Russian • What attitudes and personal cosmonaut. He became the first qualities does someone need to be human in space when he orbited the the ‘first’ person to travel into space? Earth for 108 minutes on board Vostok 1. EVALUATING • Were Armstrong and Aldrin 1963: Valentina Tereshkova was a foolhardy, incredibly brave, both or Russian cosmonaut who became the neither? Explain your opinion. first woman in space. She spent nearly • Who do you think won the space three days orbiting the Earth 45 times ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS race and why? (once every 88 minutes) on Vostok 6. Laika: Corbis/Bettman Yuri Gagarin: Corbis/Bettman Valentina Tereshkova: Photolibrary/Science Photo Library Buzz Aldrin: NASA/courtesy of nasaimages.org ight ma yr te p r i o a l C For review purposes only © a i M l a a r Livingc in space:t Food m s i u lla n A n Educatio SPACE FRONTIERS Chart 2 ight ma yr te p r i Background to chart Dried food, such as a macaroni anda cheese meal, Questions o is prepared by adding water. Food can be cooked in Clockwise from top left: An astronaut sampling a BSERVING a convection oven. Salt and pepper arel in a liquid O beverage during a food evaluationC session; astronauts form for safety. Food that makes crumbs, for example • Describe things in the background of each photo. and cosmonauts from three different crews sharing bread, is not allowed on a spacecraft because the small What equipment, posters, signs, clothing, do you see? a meal on board the International Space Station (ISS); particles can damage equipment and be dangerous to an astronaut watching a spoonfulFor of foodreview float freely astronauts.purposes only COMPREHENDING while eating a meal; an astronaut preparing to eat a • What are some of the difficulties about eating in space? meal at the galley on board© space shuttle Discovery; • Why are foods which produce crumbs banned on an astronaut eating an apple on board the ISS. a a space mission? Key ideas i l Astronauts eat three meals Ma day in space. The physical • Astronauts need nutritionally balanced food act of eating does not depend on gravity, so chewingLiving in space:a APPLYING Food a to stay healthy in space. r food and swallowing is the samec in space as it is on • Technology in food preservation,t packaging, • What foods do you have at home that might have Earth. m preparation and storage has esvolved since been developed for space? the early days of space travelu to provide • Which foods produce crumbs or fine grains and Astronauts usually eat off special trays attachedi to a would be banned on a space mission? wall or to their lap. (You can see the Velcroll straps that astronauts with a wide Avariety of appetising hold the tray on the trousers in the photo topa left.) and healthy food onn space missions. n o ANALYSING Astronauts use knives, forks and spoons but also need E ti duca • What are the special issues relating to food in space? scissors to cut packages open. Drinks need to be taken Why? through straws or the liquid would float away. • Describe how food is prepared for space. Most food in space will have been frozen or thermostabilised. Thermostabilisation is a process REFLECTING that uses heat to kill any germs that might make the • What do you think is the worst thing about eating in food rot. Drinks are usually rehydrated. There are no space? Why? refrigerators on spaceships, so fresh fruit and vegetables ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • How do you think the astronauts in the photos are usually eaten during the first few days, although might feel about meals in space? a new process has been developed to protect fresh Astronaut sampling a beverage: NASA/courtesy of nasaimages.org Astronauts and cosmonauts share a meal: NASA/courtesy of items from rotting.