國立中山大學中國與亞太區域研究所 碩士論文 Institute of China and Asia-Pacific Studies National Sun Yat-sen University Master Thesis 印尼與台灣的經濟及社會文化關係(1990-2012):印尼 的觀點 Economic and Socio-Cultural Relations between Indonesia and Taiwan: An Indonesian Perspective, 1990-2012 研究生：陸碧宜 Luh Nyoman Ratih Wagiswari Kabinawa 指導教授﹕顧長永 教授 Prof. Samuel C. Y. Ku 中華民國 102 年 6 月 June 2013 摘摘摘要摘要要要 本文欲分析印尼雖然與台灣沒有政治外交關係，卻能發展其在台灣的經濟 和社會文化關係的原因。印尼與台灣之間的經貿統計顯示，在 2010 年台 灣是印尼的第八大外來投資以及第 11 大貿易夥伴；在社會文化關係方面 的數據更證明在台灣有廣大的印尼移工與印尼學生人口。因此，印尼與台 灣呈現經貿與社會文化互賴的情況。儘管缺乏政治外交關係，為什麼印尼 能持續維持與台灣的經貿以及社會文化關係呢？為解答此問題，本文將採 印尼觀點為途徑，其著重於印尼人民對其與台灣的關係的視角。分析方法 則援引國際關係建構主義中的人民間互動的概念為本，著重觀察共同觀念 和文化價值如何形塑制度，因為制度最終會構築政府的利益。本文證明印 尼在沒有對台外交關係的情況下能持續維持與台灣的經貿和社會文化關係 的原因，在於印尼人民是觀念的倡導者，主導著與台灣之間的互動。人民 與制度兩者對印尼與台灣來說，是深入強化相互關係的經貿與社會文化功 能角色。 關關關鍵關鍵鍵鍵字字字字：：：：印尼商人，印尼移工，印尼學生，經貿與社會文化關係，人民主 導 i ABSTRACT The main intention of this thesis is to analyses the underlying reason that caused Indonesia is able to nurture its economic and socio-cultural relations with Taiwan, even though under the absence of political diplomatic relations. Statistics on economics between Indonesia and Taiwan shows that in 2010, Taiwan is the eighth-investor and the eleventh- trading partner for Indonesia. Furthermore, statistics on socio-cultural relations proves that there are massive population of Indonesian migrant workers and Indonesian students in Taiwan. Thus, Indonesia and Taiwan are in the conditions of economic and socio-cultural interdependence. Despite lacking political diplomatic relations, why could Indonesia maintain durable economic and socio-cultural relations with Taiwan?” In order to answer that question, this paper will employ the Indonesian perspective approach that stressed on the Indonesian people point of views toward its relations with Taiwan. The main tool of analysis is based on the people-to-people interactions concept which is drawn from the constructivist approach on International Relations. It focuses on how share ideas and cultural-values contribute to the making up of institutions which in the end constitute the interests of the state. This thesis has proved the proposed hypothesis that due to the Indonesian people as the promoter of ideas lead the interactions with Taiwan, Indonesia is able to maintain its durable economic and socio-cultural relations with Taiwan despite under the absence of diplomatic relations. People and Institutions serve as independent economic and socio-cultural agent both for Indonesia and Taiwan to further strengthen their ties. Key Words: Indonesian businessmen, Indonesian migrant workers, Indonesian students, economic and socio-cultural relations, people leading ii TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… i LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… . vi LIST OF CHARTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ix Chapter I: Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 1 1. Background of Information ……………………………………………………………… 2 2. Research Motives …………………………………………………………………………… . 3 3. Research Purposes …………………………………………………………………………… 4 4. Research Approach ………………………………………………………………………… . 4 5. Research Methods …………………………………………………………………………… 5 6. Literature Review …………………………………………………………………………… . 6 6.1. Taiwan Perspective …………………………………………………………………………. 7 (1) Primacy of Taiwan ’s Economic Diplomacy and Interests …………………………………………………… . 7 (2) Shifting International Order ……………………………………………… .. 10 (3) Development of Cross-Strait Relations ……………………………… . 11 (4) People-to-People Approach ……………………………………………… .. 13 6.2. Indonesian Perspective ………………………………………………………………… .. 14 (1) Policy of Separation of Politics and Economics ………………… . 14 (2) PRC ’s Factors within Indonesia and Taiwan Relations ……… 16 7. Analytical Framework …………………………………………………………………… 21 (1) Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………… .... 21 (2) Proposed Framework ………………………………………………………… . 26 I.8. Thesis Arrangement ……………………………………………………………………… . 29 Chapter II: Economic Relations between Indonesia and Taiwan ……………………………… ... 31 1. Economic Relations before 1990s ……………………………………… ........... 31 2. Economic Relations after 1990s ………………………………………… ........... 35 iii Chapter III: Socio-Cultural Relations between Indonesia and Taiwan ………………………… .. 51 1. Migrant Workers in Taiwan ………………………………………………………… .. 51 2. Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan ………………………………………… 54 3. Foreign Students in Taiwan …………………………………………………………… 60 4. Indonesian Students in Taiwan ……………………………………………………… . 62 5. Socio and Cultural Exchanges between Indonesia and Taiwan ……… . 66 Chapter IV: People ’s Ideas, Institutions and Interests within Indonesia and Taiwan Relations ………………………………………………………………… 76 1. Framework of Ideas ……………………………………………………………………… . 76 (1) Environmental Framework ……………………………………………… .. 77 (2) Economic Framework ……… .. ……………………………………………… 83 (3) Cultural Framework ………………………………………………………… .. 87 2. Creation of Institutions and Norms ………………………………………………… 91 (1) Asosiasi Pengusaha Toko Indonesia di Taiwan (APIT) ……… 92 (2) Ikatan Citra Alumni Taiwan seIndonesian (ICATI) …………… . 94 (3) Ikatan Pekerja Indonesia Taiwan (IPIT) …………………………… .. 97 (4) Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia di Taiwan (PPI Taiwan) …… . 98 3. Economic and Socio-Cultural Interests Between Indonesia and Taiwan …………………………………………………… 101 (1) Economic Interests …………………………………………………………… 102 (2) Socio-Cultural Interests …………………………………………………… . 105 Chapter V: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110 1. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… .. 110 2. Theoretical Implications …………………………………………………………… .. 113 3. Implications for Indonesia and Taiwan ……………………………………… .. 114 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 115 iv Appendix A: Field Research Activities March-May 2013 ……………………………………………… . 121 Appendix B: Memorandum of Understanding between the Indonesian Economic and Trade Office in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Trade Office, Indonesia on Cooperation in the Field of Higher Education ……………………………………………………………………………………………… . 122 Appendix C: Memorandum of Understanding between the Indonesian Economic and Trade Office in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Trade Office, Indonesia on the Recruitment, Placement and Protection of Indonesian Overseas Workers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 125 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Statistics on Economics and Socio Cultural Relations Between Indonesia and Taiwan 2010-2012 ……………………………… 2 Table 1-2 Summary of Literature Review ……………………………………….. 19-20 Table 2-1 Taiwanese Investment in Indonesia from 1952-1989 …………………. 32-33 Table 2-2 Timeline of Economic Activity between Indonesia and Taiwan before the 1990s ……………………………………35 Table 2-3 Values and Products of Taiwan Export to Indonesia 1990-2012 ………. 36-37 Table 2-4 Values and Products of Taiwan Import From Indonesia 1990-2012 ………………………………………. ……. 38-39 Table 2-5 Export and Import Activity between Indonesia and Taiwan Based on Values per-Year 1990-2012 …………………………………. 40-41 Table 2-6 Taiwanese Investment in Indonesia Based on Cases and Values From 1990-2012 ………………………………………………………… 43 Table 2-7 Taiwanese Investment in Indonesia Based on Area of Investment, Cases, and Amounts 1952-2012 ……………………………………… . 46-47 Table 2-8 Timeline of Political Economy Activities Between Indonesia and Taiwan, 1990-2012 …………………………………….. 49-50 Table 3-1 Statistics on the Total Number of Indonesian Migrant Workers In Taiwan 1993-2012 ………………………………………………….. 55 Table 3-2 Statistics on Total Number of Indonesian Migrant Workers Based on Field of Industry per January 2013 ………………………… 57-58 Table 3-3 Statistics on Top Five Countries of Foreign Students In Taiwan School Year 2012/2013 ……………………………………… 61 Table 3-4 Statistics on Indonesian Students in Taiwan vi School Year 1986-2012 …………………………………………………. 63 Table 3-5 Scholarship Scheme for Indonesian Students in Taiwan ………………. 70-71 Table 4-1 Summary of Environmental Framework ……………………..………….. .83 Table 4-2 Summary of Economic Framework ………………………………………. 87 Table 4-3 Summary of Cultural Framework ……………………….………………... 90 Table 4-4 Semi-Officials Economic Exchanges between Indonesia and Taiwan, 1990-2012 ………………………………………………………………...102 Table 4-5 Officials Economic Exchanges between Indonesia and Taiwan, 1990-2012……………………………………………………………....... 104 Table 4-6 Semi-Officials Socio-Cultural Exchanges between Indonesia and Taiwan, 1990-2012 ………………………………………………………………...106 Table 4-7 Officials Socio-Cultural Exchanges between Indonesia and Taiwan, 1990-2012 ………………………………………………………………...107 vii LIST OF CHARTS Chart 2-1 The Percentage of Taiwan’s Export Product to Indonesia Based on Products and Values Ranking 1990-2012 …………………….. 38 Chart 2-2 The Percentage of Taiwan’s Import Product from Indonesia Based on Products and Values Ranking 1990-2012 …………………….. 40 Chart 3-1 Migrant Workers in Taiwan by January 2013 …………………………… 53 viii ABBREVIATIONS APIT : Asosiasi Pengusaha Toko Indonesia di Taiwan ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asia Nations CCC : Chinese Chamber of Commerce CIER-TASC : Chung-Hua Institution of Economic Research-Taiwan ASEAN Research Center CLA : Council of Labor Affairs DIKTI : Pendidikan Tinggi ESIT : Elite Study in Taiwan FORMMIT : Forum Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia Taiwan HIV/AIDS : Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ICATI : Ikatan Citra Alumni Taiwan seIndonesia ICC : Indonesian Chamber of Commerce ICDF : International Cooperation Development Fund IDR : Indonesian Drawing Rate IETO : Indonesian Economic and Trade Office INGO : International