E-ASIA .~ h.~ri """'n" of ••" •• http://e-asia.uoregon.edu ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M354-18A CIVil AFFAIRS HANDBOOK JAPAN SECTION 18A: JAPANESE ADMINISTRATION OVER OCCUPIED AREAS - BURMA 94009~!~7 MATTERo-Th.lnlor. U '3 NOf RESTRICTED 0 0 l\ I\cSll\\CllD DISSEMINATIO d the ....ntiol chorocl.",hC' no. t2... L •ined in restricted documents on cfSOn known to be in the see..I&l\ m:t1o:i::~o moterial may be 'idven to :::,Pol undoubte.d loyalty o~d . ores U 0. d StoiCS on to per k but win not c servicc. of me nt C cooperating in Government WOf ~uthorit.Cd militory disc.rct10~ w'"'; .:r;hc publiC or to the press c:c;:~ ~:o-51 15 Mar 1944.) communicate . (Sec also por. 23 I t-----.---l publiC ,clations agenCies. HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES 2 AUGUST 1944 ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M354-18A Civil Affairs CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK JAPAN SECTION 18A: JAPANESE ADMINISTRATION OVER OCCUPIED AREAS - BURMA Heaclquarters, Army Service Forces, 2 August 1944 RESTRICTED. DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER.-Th. Infor- mation contained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United· Stales and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, bu' will not be communicated to the public or fa the press except by authorized military public rela'ions agencies. (See also par. 23b, AR 380-5, 15 Mar 1944.) Unit.J StateJ Go"",tI'lelll Pr;n'ing omce, WOf~ing'on : 1944 m:STRICTED _11_ HUMllERIliG SYSTEM or ARKY SERVICE J'ORCES MAllUALS The main lIUbject matter of each At"rAY Service J'orc8s Manual 1s indicated by consecutive numllerlng within the folloving categories: Ml - K99 :Basic IUld Advanced Training Kl00 - K199 ArtDJ' Specialized Training ProgrAtll and Pre- Inducti on Training M200 - M299 Personnel and Morale K300 - 11399 Civil Affaire M400 - K499 Supply and Tran.portatlon K500 - 11599 necal K600 _ 11699 ·Procurement and Production M700 - M799 Administration M800 - M699 Miscellaneous M900 - up Equipment. Materiel. Houe1.og and Construction JIlI:.UX<UAllTnS. ARKY SERVICE J'ORCliS. Washington 25, D. C. Army Service :Forces ~.(anual M 354 - lU, Civil Af~air8 Handbook, Japan, Japanese Adm1nletrR.t1on Over Occupied Ares8 - Burma, has been -prepared under the supervision of the Provost Marellal General. and 1s pUblished for the information and guidance of all concerned. LSPX 300.7 (18 NOT. 43);] By command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELL: W. D. STYER, Major General, General Staff Corps, Chief of S1aff. OFFICIAL: J. A. ULIO, Major General, Adjutt'\nt General. USTRICTEIl - 111 - Thie etud..v on Japl!U1ese Admin1stration Over Occupied Areas - Burma was prepared for the MILITARY GOVElUlMENT DIVISION of the omclIl OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENlIlllAL by the RESF.ARCH AND AllALTSIS lllWlCH OFFICE 07 STRA'l'EGIC SERVICES OFFICERS USING TJlIS !/J.T:ERI.u. ARE REi/UESTED TO fwrE SUGGES~IONS .\lID CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS \iIIICH 'wOULD MAKE THIS MATE'lIAL MORE USEroL FOR Tm:IR PURPOSES. TIlESE CRITICISMS SHcxr..n llE SE;IT TO TRE CHIEF OF TRE LIAISOll AND STUDIES mlAllOH, MILITARY GOVERlIMENT DIVISION, PMGO, 2807 MI!IlITIONS BUILDIlIG. WASHINGTON 25. D. C. RESTRICTED _ iv - INTROroCTIOll Purposes of the Civil Afr"irs Handbook The bade objectives of civil affaire officers are (1) to assist the Commanding General by Quickly eet"bllsh1ng thOle orderl,. condition. which 'Will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduee to a minimum thf!' human 8utferlnc and the material dAmAge re8ulting from disorder and (3) to creAte the cond.1 tiona which .....111 make it poulible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparl\tion of Civil Affairs Handbooks 1s R pB.rt of the effort to cRrry out these responslbl11U". 88 efficiently and humanely as 1, pOf'e1ble. The HAndbooks do not deal ..,tth plans or policies (which will depend upon chA.ngi~ and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understood that they "do not imply anY ,,:1 ven official program of ~. They- are rather reAdy reference source books containing the b'ls1c faetual 1nformation needed for planning and pol1ey mBking. P.ESTrtICTED £lY11 !rr!l~~ ~!~Q~QQ!~ !Qtl£!1 Q!1!11~! 1. Geographical and Social Back&round 2. Government flnd Administration 3. Legal Affaire 4. Government I'1nance 5. Money And Bank1D;g 6. Natural Resources 7. A&rlculture 8. Industry And Commerce 9. Labor 10. Public work' and Utilitiee ll. Transport4.t1on Systems 12. Communication. 13. Public Health £',.nd Sanitation 14. Public Safety 15. Education 16. Public \felfare 17. Culture.l Institutions 18. Js.panes8 Administration Over Occupied Area. Thi. study on Japanese Administration Over Occu.pled Areas - Itw-ma va8 prepared for the MILITARY GOVEIlIIIlENT DIVISION of the OFFICE 07 THE PROVOST MAllSllAL GlJIlEllAL by the RESEARCH Am) AIlALYSIS BRANCH, OnrCE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - vi - TABlE OF CONTENTS Page SUWMRY v11i I. Ha'i TIlE JAPANESE OBTAINED CONTROL OF BURMA 1 A. Newspe.per Propaganda 1 B. JapanIS Choice of Burmese Collaborators 1 C. Burm.se Aid to Japan, Military and Civilian 5 II. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPl!ENT OF JAPANESE POLICY TO 1 AUGUST 1943 9 A. The Displacement of ThaIdn Control, Jun.-J~ 1942 9 B. Ba Maw'a Provisional Government, August to December 1942 11 C. Bases of Burman Hostility Toward the Japanese, 1942 15 D. Japan' 8 Pledge of Independence for Burma, January 1943 17 E. Preparation for Burma's Independence, May to August ,1943 20 III. JAPANESE ADllINISTRATIVE 1!ETH0DS AND OBJECTIVES 23 A. Charactar of the New Burma Government 23 B. Applications of Japanese Control 25 C. The Difficult Rola of Ba l'a,,'s Dictatorship Z7 D. Current Administrative Trends, June 1944 31 IV. THE MAJOR PROBlEMS OF GOVERNMENTAL ADllINISTRATION J4 A. Revenue Deficiency and Official Corruption J4 B. The Persistance of Lawlessness 36 V. BURMA'S ECONOMIC PROBlEllS 42 A. ,Initial Effects of Japanese Control 42 B. Efforts to Solve the Agricultural Problem 44 C. Attempts at Retioning and Price Control 48 D. The Proble. of Civilian Goods Transportation 54 E. Japanese Control of Business Activities 56 F. Ogawa's II... Program, of Economic Regi.entation 60 VI • ATTITllDFoS OF SPECIAL GROUPS III BURMA 65 A. The Buddhist Monks 65 B. The Indian Indepandence League and Ar1JIy 70 C• The, Position of the Karens 75 D. The Shans, Chinsse, and Kachins 77 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED - v11 - TABlE OF CONTFNTS (CO/I'D) Page VII. BURlIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE flAR EFFORT 79 A. Voluntary Agencies and Associations 79 B. Forced Labor BetteUons: Latyon Tat 81 C• The Burma Army 85 D•. Burman Participation in the Campaign of 19~ 90 E. 'Current Trends in Administration 91 VIII. MAPS IlunIa 1x ReUef IIap of Southeeat Asia x ReU.f Map of South.ast Asia xi IX. APPENDIX: PERSONNEL 93 A. Japen.s. Administrative Personnel in Burma 93 B. Partial Li.t of Burmes. Adm1ni.trative Personnel 94 RESTRICTED REST'lICTED -?i11- ~ The Jlflanese have pursued a policy in Burma which ha!\ combined direct mil!tary control with indirect administration through the ar;encies of a Burma Government which they themselves 8Fonsored. Their program has been imaginatively planned and boldly executed. Starting ~itJl. relntively little positive local cooperation they have enlisted the aid of important elements of Burman society by eonvinc'lng them that Burma has a stake in Japan's victory. Bunnea8 initiative has been allowed generous expreuion in govern:nenta.l, econol'llic, and social activities. This study (1) tra~e. the development of Japants administrative program, (2) analyzes the salient aspects of Japanese military control, (:5) outlines the major governmental M.d economic problema which oonfront the civilian Bunnese adminletration, and (4) evaluates Burtl&'s oontri­ bution to Japan's m.ilitary effort. RESTRICTBD -lx- RESTRICTED I - -~r P.ESTRICTED 1. ROYI THE JAPANESE OBTAINED CONTROL OF BUR/.lA A. New8paper Propaganda As early as 1937 paid Japanese propaganda, attackinc both the Britlsh and the Chinese, appeared in the Bunnesp. vernl'lcular prass. It reached its climax 'l't1th the opening of the Furma Road in 1939, but was cduntered thereafter by tl;le influence of Chinese advertising judiciously distributed, and by the exohange of several goodwill missions between China and Buma. The net results of Japaneso propagand:ist efforts before 1941 were not very significant; nor were thp. 800 Japanese residents of Burma locally influential. A nationalist paper in UflJldRlay even suggested t.iat, once independ~nt, Burma should form an allianco with China, Siam" and Indochina - "a powerful combinntion which will fenr no foe." B. Japan's Choice of Burmese t;:nllc.bor!ltcrs l\ virulent quarrel developed in the fall of 1939 between Burmese political leaders a=xd the British Governor. ThI3 immediate occasion. by way (If reply to a request of the modarate-minded Premier. was the Governor's resurrection of a 1931 statement of the Secretary of State for India that Burma 'W:)ulC! not be overlooked if nevI refoM'!ls for Ind~a were eont..ernplated. The statement affirmed ~rl tain' s continnln!; purpose to develo!" responEible covt:'rnment in se!"arated B'.lnna as an inte::;ral part -:f the Ei:lpire .but with the denr conn?tation that London a10no ·would detennine the character and the OCcAsion of 5r:ecific me!\SHres quite' tTldcpendoutly from what might hAppen in Ir.dia. This ctatement had been th'3 ~ c61el-ro of t.lote rnbid RESTRICT!m ~cEST~lCTED - ~ - I!In+.i -::;eparationist f!-lTOr of the earl,>, thirties. !ts reiterllt.ton ope?"d o)rl wounds nr.d afforded Japan an excellent OPFortunit)' to select a co­ oreratinr; p.:roup.