Joining the Athenian community The participation of metics in Athenian polis religion in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. Toetreden tot de Atheense gemeenschap De deelname van metoiken aan de Atheense polis religie in de vijfde en vierde eeuw v. Chr. (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. J.C. Stoof, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 24 februari 2010 des middags te 4.15 uur door Sara Maria Wijma geboren op 6 mei 1978 te Amsterdam Promotor: Prof. dr. J.H. Blok Co-promotor: Dr. S.D. Lambert Table of contents Table of contents ......................................................................................................i Preface ....................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations .........................................................................................................vi Metics in history .................................................................................................... 1 1 Metics in classical Athens ..................................................................................... 1 2 Metics in modern times: from morality to ideology ............................................. 7 3 Membership of the Athenian community: sharing in polis rites ......................... 10 4 Greek religion and society: from cult to polis community ................................. 13 5 Variety in membership: the negotiation of status ............................................... 19 6 Metics in polis religion: some parameters .......................................................... 23 Metics at the Panathenaia .................................................................................. 27 1 Resident foreigners at the Panathenaia ............................................................... 29 1.1 The Panathenaia .......................................................................................... 29 1.2 (Resident) foreigners at the Panathenaic agones ........................................ 31 1.3 Resident foreigners and the Panathenaic sacrifices .................................... 32 2 The Panathenaic procession ................................................................................ 36 2.1 The marching contingents in the Panathenaic procession .......................... 37 2.2 Inclusiveness vs. selective and differentiated participation ........................ 40 3 Metics at the Panathenaia .................................................................................... 43 3.1 The testimonia ............................................................................................. 43 3.2 Skaphephoroi .............................................................................................. 45 3.3 Hydriaphoroi ............................................................................................... 48 3.4 Skiadephoroi ............................................................................................... 50 3.5 Diphrophoroi .............................................................................................. 51 4 Honour or humiliation? ....................................................................................... 54 5 What the future beholds - the metic promise ...................................................... 61 5.1 Groups in transition ..................................................................................... 61 5.2 With whom I march .................................................................................... 63 5.3 Kanephoroi ................................................................................................. 65 5.4 Thallophoroi ............................................................................................... 69 5.5 Ephebes ....................................................................................................... 72 5.6 Differentiation: the contributions of the metic population of Athens ......... 76 6 Defining the new metic members of the Athenian community .......................... 78 i Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 83 Metics at other polis festivals ............................................................................. 85 1 Metics at the Lenaia – a showcase of unity ........................................................ 87 1.1 The Lenaia – ancient, Athenian and intimate ............................................. 88 1.2 Metics at the Lenaia – spectators, chorus-members, choregoi ................... 92 1.3 The truth in Aristophanes: being amongst themselves ............................... 96 1.4 Aristophanes revisited: the lesser part of grain ......................................... 101 1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 103 2 Metics at the City Dionysia – the Athenians and other Greeks ........................ 104 2.1 The City Dionysia – Athenian competitors, Panhellenic crowd ............... 106 2.2 Metics in the procession: skaphephoroi .................................................... 113 2.3 Resident foreigners in the audience: the other Greeks .............................. 117 2.4 The agones: the exclusion of xenoi from the choral competitions ........... 123 3 Metics at the Hephaisteia – the young, strong men of Athens .......................... 128 3.1 The Hephaisteia of 421: new, reorganised, or single celebration? ........... 129 3.2 Metic participation in the Hephaisteia ...................................................... 135 3.3 The reorganisation of the Hephaisteia and the metics of Athens .............. 143 4 Metics at the Eleusinian Mysteries ................................................................... 151 4.1 The Eleusinian Mysteries: Panhellenic attendance ................................... 152 4.2 The Mysteries in the classical period ........................................................ 156 4.3 The Mysteries: an Athenian affair ............................................................ 160 4.4 Lysias and his lover: metic ........................................................... 163 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 168 Immigrants in the demes .................................................................................. 171 1 Deme membership: active participation in deme affairs .................................. 173 1.1 Demes before and after Kleisthenes ......................................................... 173 1.2 The constitutional deme ............................................................................ 178 1.3 : active participation in deme affairs ............................... 180 1.4 The deme and its “foreign” residents ........................................................ 184 2 Metics in the city deme Skambonidai ............................................................... 187 2.1 Resident foreigners in Skambonidai ......................................................... 188 2.2 A lex sacra from Skambonidai ................................................................. 189 2.3 A sacrifice to the hero Leos ...................................................................... 194 2.4 The answer of the Skambonidai ................................................................ 198 3 The other residents in Ikarion and Phrearrhioi ................................................. 200 3.1 The Ikarian choregia for Dionysos: IG I³ 254 .......................................... 200 3.2 “Those living in Ikarion” .......................................................................... 203 3.3 Dionysos in Ikarion ................................................................................... 206 3.4 The rural Dionysia in Attica ..................................................................... 208 3.5 The motivation of the Ikarieis ................................................................... 215 3.6 The others in Phrearrhioi .......................................................................... 217 ii 4 Awarding individual benefactors – a Theban in Eleusis .................................. 222 4.1 The Eleusinians honour Damasias son of Dionysos of Thebes ................ 223 4.2 Demes honouring outsiders ....................................................................... 229 4.3 : a means to integrate ............. 231 4.4 “Granting” deme membership .................................................................. 236 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 237 Appendix: the rendering of the names of choregoi in demes ................................... 241 Bend it like Bendis ............................................................................................. 243 1 Thracians in Attika ............................................................................................ 245 1.1 From plague to ........................................................................ 245 1.2 Thracian mercenaries: from Peisistratos onto the Parthenon Frieze ......... 246 1.3 Athenian-Thracian marriages: Tereus and Prokne in real life .................