Praise for Articulatory Phonetics “Life has just become less lonely for Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. Gick, Wilson, and Derrick have given us a marvelous addition to the classroom, providing an authoritative description of speech articulation, an insightful and balanced guide to the theory of cognitive control of speech, and a highly readable introduction to the methods used in articulatory phonetics. All students of phonetics should study this book!” Keith Johnson, University of California, Berkeley “Gick, Wilson, and Derrick offer an engaging, comprehensive introduction to how articulation works and how it is investigated in the laboratory. This textbook fills an important gap in our training of phoneticians and speech scientists.” Patrice Beddor, University of Michigan “A rich yet approachable source of phonetic information, this new text is well structured, well designed, and full of original diagrams.” James Scobbie, Queen Margaret University ARTICULATORY PHONETICS Bryan Gick, Ian Wilson, and Donald Derrick A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 © 2013 Bryan Gick, Ian Wilson, and Donald Derrick Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gick, Bryan. Articulatory phonetics / Bryan Gick, Ian Wilson, and Donald Derrick. â p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9321-4 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-4051-9320-7 (pbk.) 1. Phonetics. 2. Speech– Physiological aspects. 3. Speech processing systems. I. Wilson, Ian, 1966– II. Derrick, Donald. P221.G48 2013 414'.8–dc23 2012031381 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Brain scan © Photodisc. Graphic of a digital sound on black bottom. © iDesign/ Shutterstock. Active nerve cell © Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock. Cover design by Nicki Averill Design Set in 10.5/13 pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2013 Table of Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi Part I Getting to Sounds 1 1 The Speech System and Basic Anatomy 3 1.1 The Speech Chain 3 1.1.1 The speech production chain 6 1.2 The Building Blocks of Articulatory Phonetics 7 1.2.1 Materials in the body 9 1.3 The Tools of Articulatory Phonetics 10 Exercises 12 References 13 2 Where It All Starts: The Central Nervous System 15 2.1 The Basic Units of the Nervous System 15 2.1.1 The action potential: how the nervous system communicates 18 2.2 The Central Nervous System 19 2.2.1 Speech areas in the brain 22 2.3 Measuring the Brain: fMRI, PET, EEG, MEG, TMS 27 Exercises 30 References 31 vi Articulatory Phonetics 3 From Thought to Movement: The Peripheral Nervous System 33 3.1 The Peripheral Nervous System 33 3.1.1 Cranial nerves 34 3.1.2 Spinal nerves 36 3.2 How Muscles Move 38 3.3 Measuring Muscles: EMG 41 3.3.1 The speed of thought to movement 43 Exercises 45 References 46 4 From Movement to Flow: Respiration 47 4.1 Breathing Basics 47 4.1.1 Two principles for respiration 47 4.1.2 Lung volumes 48 4.1.3 Measuring lung volume 50 4.2 The Anatomy of Breathing 51 4.2.1 The lungs 51 4.2.2 The hard parts: bones and cartilages of respiration 53 4.2.3 Passive forces of breathing 57 4.2.4 Inspiratory muscles 57 4.2.5 Expiratory muscles 61 4.2.6 The respiratory cycle revisited 64 4.3 Measuring Airflow and Pressure: Pneumotachograph 66 4.4 Sounds 67 4.4.1 /h/ 67 4.4.2 Pitch and loudness 68 Exercises 68 References 69 5 From Flow to Sound 71 5.1 Intrinsic Laryngeal Anatomy 71 5.1.1 The hard parts 72 5.1.2 Intrinsic laryngeal muscles 74 5.2 Sounds: The Voice 78 5.2.1 Modal phonation 78 5.2.2 Theories of modal phonation 80 5.2.3 Pitch control 86 5.2.4 Voicelessness 89 5.3 Measuring the Vocal Folds: EGG 90 Exercises 91 References 94 Table of Contents vii Part II Articulating Sounds 97 6 Articulating Laryngeal Sounds 99 6.1 Extrinsic Laryngeal Anatomy 100 6.1.1 The hard parts 100 6.1.2 Extrinsic laryngeal muscles 101 6.2 Sounds 106 6.2.1 Non-modal phonation types 106 6.2.2 The glottalic airstream mechanism 114 6.3 Measuring Laryngeal Articulations: Endoscopy 118 Exercises 120 References 122 7 Articulating Velic Sounds 125 7.1 Anatomy of the Velum 125 7.1.1 The hard parts 126 7.1.2 Muscles of the velum 129 7.2 Sounds 134 7.2.1 The oral-nasal distinction: more on the VPP 134 7.2.2 Uvular constrictions: the oropharyngeal isthmus 136 7.3 Measuring the Velum: X-ray Video 138 Exercises 140 References 141 8 Articulating Vowels 143 8.1 The Jaw and Extrinsic Tongue Muscles 146 8.1.1 The hard parts 146 8.1.2 Jaw muscles 148 8.1.3 Extrinsic tongue muscles 152 8.2 Sounds: Vowels 154 8.2.1 High front vowels 156 8.2.2 High back vowels 156 8.2.3 Low vowels 157 8.2.4 ATR and RTR 159 8.3 Measuring Vowels: Ultrasound 160 Exercises 163 References 164 9 Articulating Lingual Consonants 167 9.1 The Intrinsic Tongue Muscles 167 9.1.1 The transversus and verticalis muscles 168 9.1.2 The longitudinal muscles 170 9.2 Sounds: Lingual Consonants 171 9.2.1 Degrees of constriction and tongue bracing 171 9.2.2 Locations of constriction 176 viii Articulatory Phonetics 9.3 Measuring Lingual Consonants: Palatography and Linguography 180 Exercises 182 References 186 10 Articulating Labial Sounds 189 10.1 Muscles of the Lips and Face 192 10.1.1 The amazing OO 192 10.1.2 Other lip and face muscles 194 10.2 Sounds: Making Sense of [labial] 196 10.3 Measuring the Lips and Face: Point Tracking and Video 198 Exercises 202 References 203 11 Putting Articulations Together 205 11.1 Coordinating Movements 205 11.1.1 Context-sensitive models 207 11.1.2 Context-invariant models 207 11.1.3 Unifying theories 209 11.2 Coordinating Complex Sounds 210 11.2.1 Lingual-lingual sounds 211 11.2.2 Other complex sounds 216 11.3 Coarticulation 217 11.3.1 Articulatory overlap 218 11.3.2 Articulatory conflict 219 11.3.3 Modeling coarticulation 220 11.4 Measuring the Whole Vocal Tract: Tomography 221 Exercises 225 References 225 Abbreviations Used in this Book 229 Muscles with Innervation, Origin, and Insertion 233 Index 243 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Feed-forward, auditory-only speech chain (image by W. Murphey and A. Yeung). 4 Figure 1.2 Multimodal speech chain with feedback loops (image by W. Murphey and A. Yeung). 5 Figure 1.3 Speech production chain; the first half (left) takes you through Part I of the book, and the second half (right) covers Part II (image by D. Derrick and W. Murphey). 6 Figure 1.4 Anatomy overview: full body (left), vocal tract (right) (image by D. Derrick). 7 Figure 1.5 Anatomical planes and spatial relationships: full body (left), vocal tract (right) (image by D. Derrick). 8 Figure 1.6a Measurement Tools for Articulatory Phonetics (image by D. Derrick). 10 Figure 1.6b Measurement Tools for Articulatory Phonetics (image by D. Derrick). 11 Figure 2.1 Central nervous system (CNS) versus peripheral nervous system: coronal view with sagittal head view (PNS) (image by A. Klenin). 16 Figure 2.2 A myelinated neuron (image by D. Derrick). 17 Figure 2.3 An action potential and its chemical reactions (image by D. Derrick). 18 Figure 2.4a Gross anatomy of the brain: left side view of gyri, sulci, and lobes (image by A.