21 November 2017 EMA/HMPC/450589/2016 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Piper methysticum G. Forst., rhizoma Final Based on Article 10a of Directive 2001/83/EC (well-established use) Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC (traditional use) Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of the plant, including plant part) Piper methysticum G. Forst., rhizoma Herbal preparation(s) Not applicable Pharmaceutical form(s) Not applicable Rapporteur C. Purdel Peer-reviewer O. Palomino 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5555 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2018. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof .. 4 1.2. Search and assessment methodology ..................................................................... 7 2. Data on medicinal use ........................................................................................................ 8 2.1. Information about products on the market .............................................................. 8 2.1.1. Information about products on the market in the EU/EEA Member States ................. 8 2.1.2. Information on products on the market outside the EU/EEA .................................. 12 2.2. Information on documented medicinal use and historical data from literature ............ 13 2.3. Overall conclusions on medicinal use .................................................................... 18 3. Non-Clinical Data ............................................................................................................. 19 3.1. Overview of available pharmacological data regarding the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) and relevant constituents thereof ........................................................... 19 3.1.1. Primary pharmacodynamics .............................................................................. 19 3.1.2. Secondary pharmacodynamics .......................................................................... 30 3.1.3. Safety pharmacology ....................................................................................... 35 3.1.4. Pharmacodynamic interactions .......................................................................... 39 3.1.5. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 39 3.2. Overview of available pharmacokinetic data regarding the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) and relevant constituents thereof ........................................................... 40 3.3. Overview of available toxicological data regarding the herbal substance(s)/herbal preparation(s) and constituents thereof ....................................................................... 43 3.3.1. Single dose toxicity .......................................................................................... 43 3.3.2. Repeat dose toxicity ......................................................................................... 44 3.3.3. Genotoxicity ................................................................................................... 46 3.3.4. Carcinogenicity ................................................................................................ 46 3.3.5. Reproductive and developmental toxicity ............................................................ 48 3.3.6. Local tolerance ................................................................................................ 48 3.3.7. Other special studies ........................................................................................ 48 3.3.8. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 49 3.4. Overall conclusions on non-clinical data ................................................................ 49 4. Clinical Data ..................................................................................................................... 50 4.1. Clinical pharmacology ......................................................................................... 50 4.1.1. Overview of pharmacodynamic data regarding the herbal substance(s)/preparation(s) including data on relevant constituents ........................................................................ 50 4.1.2. Overview of pharmacokinetic data regarding the herbal substance(s)/preparation(s) including data on relevant constituents ........................................................................ 53 4.2. Clinical efficacy .................................................................................................. 54 4.2.1. Dose response studies...................................................................................... 54 4.2.2. Clinical studies (case studies and clinical trials) ................................................... 55 4.3. Clinical studies in special populations (e.g. elderly and children) .............................. 79 4.4. Overall conclusions on clinical pharmacology and efficacy ........................................ 79 5. Clinical Safety/Pharmacovigilance ................................................................................... 79 5.1. Overview of toxicological/safety data from clinical trials in humans ........................... 79 Assessment report on Piper methysticum G. Forst., rhizoma EMA/HMPC/450589/2016 Page 2/103 5.2. Patient exposure ................................................................................................ 88 5.3. Adverse events, serious adverse events and deaths ................................................ 88 5.4. Laboratory findings ............................................................................................. 99 5.5. Safety in special populations and situations ........................................................... 99 5.5.1. Use in children and adolescents ......................................................................... 99 5.5.2. Contraindications ............................................................................................. 99 5.5.3. Special warnings and precautions for use ........................................................... 99 5.5.4. Drug interactions and other forms of interaction .................................................. 99 5.5.5. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation ..................................................................... 100 5.5.6. Overdose ...................................................................................................... 100 5.5.7. Effects on ability to drive or operate machinery or impairment of mental ability .... 100 5.5.8. Safety in other special situations ..................................................................... 101 5.6. Overall conclusions on clinical safety ................................................................... 101 6. Overall conclusions (benefit-risk assessment) ............................................................... 102 Annex ................................................................................................................................ 103 Assessment report on Piper methysticum G. Forst., rhizoma EMA/HMPC/450589/2016 Page 3/103 1. Introduction 1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof • Herbal substance(s) Different definitions regarding the plant part used can be found in literature: According to DAC, 19981 the herbal substance consists of dried rhizomes, usually free from roots and sometimes scraped, of Piper methysticum G. Forst. (Piperaceae). It contains not less than 3.5% of kavalactones calculated as kavain (C14H14O3; Mr=230.2) (DAC, 1998). According to definition from BHP (1993) kava-kava is the peeled, dried rhizome of Piper methysticum Forst. a plan indigenous to, and cultivated, that contains about 5% of a resin composed of a number of closely related 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrones. Description: The dried rhizome consists of irregular, transverse and longitudinal pieces, varying considerably in size and shape: 3–20 cm in length and 1–5 cm in diameter. The outer surface is light yellowish or greyish-brown, longitudinally wrinkled, with large, whitish, circular root scars. The fracture is coarsely fibrous, the inner surface is yellow-white, with thin bark, radiate xylem, and large pith (WHO, 2004) Constituents (BHP,1993; Singh, 1992; Lebot et al., 1992; Parmar, 1997; ESCOP, 2003, Gruenwald et al., 2004; Bruneton, 2003) The main active constituents (kavalactones) consist of a group of structurally related lipophilic lactone derivatives with an aryl-ethylene-alpha-pyrone skeleton. They are typically 4-methoxy-2-pyrones with phenyl or styryl sustituents at the 6-position and represent 3–20% of the dried rhizome depending on age of the plant and specific cultivar. At least 18 kavalactones have been isolated from kava rhizome, of which six compounds are present in the highest concentrations and account for approximately 96% of the total