Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1947 The Development of the United Nations Martin Joseph Lowery Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Lowery, Martin Joseph, "The Development of the United Nations" (1947). Master's Theses. 646. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/646 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1947 Martin Joseph Lowery THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS Martin J.· Lowery A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Loyola University February 194? VITA Martin J. Lowery was born in vhicago Illinois, »ecember 23, 1919. He was graduated from Mt. varmel High School, Chicago, Illinois, in June, 1936. ~he Bachelor of Education degree was conferred by Chicago Teachers Oollege in June, 1941. From 1941 to 1943 the writer was em­ ployed as a photographer and Special Agent by the i'ederal Bureau of Investigation in Chicago, Illinois, nashington, D.C., and Norfolk, Virginia. J'rom 1944 to 1946 he was on active duty with the United ~tates Naval Reserve. During 1941, 1942, and 1946, the writer has devoted his time to graduate study in the field of History. Table of Contents Pert I THE :MEE'l'INGS OF THE MAJOR POWERS Chapter Page I. THE ATLANTIC CHARTER AND THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION........................ 1 World conditions-~ituation in United States-The Atlan- tic meeting-Writing the Charter-Political rights-Eco- nomic rights-Human rights-i~ur freedoms-Reaction to Charter-Self-4etermination-~he Declaration of the United Nations-Significance-Atlantic Charter today. II. THE MOSOOW CONFERENCE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 War situation-Change in American attitude-EUlbright and Connally resolutions-Mackinac Declaration-Russian distrust-Preparations for meeting-Pre-MOscow "feelers"­ The meeting-The pronouncement-General security-$oTer­ eign equality-Declaration on Italy-Declaration on Austria-German atrocities-Reaction-Church criticism­ Compromise on principle-.l!'orewarning of things to come. III. THE CAIRO CONFERENCE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 Secrecy-Press irritation-The meetinB-The declaration­ Unconditional surrender-Dismemberment or Japan-Recog­ nition of China-Mixed reaction. IV. THE TEHRAN CONFERENCE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• &2 Site symbolism-The meeting-Big ihree personalities­ ~econd front-Tito Bros-Partition of Poland-Division of influence-Tehran Declaration-FUture international or­ ganization-i~e peace-loving nations-Iran-Turkey and the Dardanelles-Amerioan reaction weak-First Show of power politics. V. THE DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53 War situation-Origin of conference-The RooseTelt plan- The Soviet plan-Two meetings-Principles in proposals­ Atlantic Charter ignored-The tieneral Assembly-The Se­ curi~y Council-The International Court-The Secretariat­ Critical reaotion-RoosuTelt plan followed-Basis of general acceptance. Table of Contents Part I THE !V.::illETINGS OF TEE :V.AJOR POWERS - continued Chapter Page ~I. TEE CRIMEAN CONFERENCE •.•••.•..••...•..•...••••.•........• 65 War situation-Political situation-PoliSh crisis-~truggle in Greece-Yugoslav problem-Site difficulties-The meeting­ Occupation of Germany-~eparations-Security Council voting­ Liberated Europe-Poland-Yugoslav solution-Secret agree­ ments-Roosevelt and Middle East leaders-Enthusiastic reaction-Dream castles without principle. F Part II THE JrmETINGS OP mE NATIONS Chapter Page VII. THE CONFERENCE ON FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.................. 83 Basic factors-Food plans-Press relations-Indefinite ob­ jectives-International commodity arrangements-Interim · Commission-~he constitution-~isinterest in the new or­ ganization-Significance. VIII. THE BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .... • • • • • 91 Young plan-London Economic Conference-Keynes plan- White plan-Key uurrency approach-The meeting-inter­ national Monetary bund-International Bank-~und and Bank relations-Significance. IX. THE ~~XICO CITY CONFER&NCE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107 Pan-American rela tiona-Argent ina-The meeting-Dumbarton Oaks criticism-Increased war effort-~onomic Charter of the Americas-Act of Chepultepec-Regional and world se­ curity-Argentina's isolation-Reaction go~. X. THE SA!~ FF.ANCISCO CONF.li:RENCE........................... 117 Invitations-Site-Delegations-Opening-Membership prob­ lems-Polish problem-Syria and Lebanon-~rieste-Role of .1rrance-Veto problem-c.;harter amendment-W'ithdrawal right­ Trusteeship problem-Purposes and principles-Membership agreement-The General Assembly-The Security Council- The International Court-The Secretariat-The Economic and Social council-Reaction-Evaluation. XI. THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE PEACE ••••••••••••••••••••••• 143 Peace factors-Coalition of power-Denial of principles- No conciliation at San Francisco-Weakness of United Nations power theory-Attitudes-Sovereignty-No lasting peace through United Nat.ions. CRITICAL ESSAY ON AUTHORITIES......................... 147 CHAPTER I THE ATLANTIC CHARTER AND THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION The year ns 1941,. one Which would be recorded in the annals of American history With even more emphasis than the fateful year of 1917. Europe was almost totally submerged beneath the callous am ruthless German armies. Britain, her back to the wall, frantically preparing to defend her- - self against the imminent invasion from the continent, successfUlly negotiated lend-lease aid from the United States in March. France, Norway, and the low countries were ending their first year of Nazi occupation. In June, the German armies, flushed with success and hoping tor a quick victory within the year, broke their non-aggression pact and began their invasion of ~ussia. Here in the United States, during these earth-shattering, de­ pressing, headline-making events, the majority of the populace continued their D.ormal, routine lives, disturbed occasio1:18.lly, on one. hand, by thoughts of the foolishness of economic and material aid to those nations who had not, after twenty prosperous years, paid their debts from the last war, but more or less satisfied, on the other, with the more prosperous conditions about them. With the aid of a1btle propaganda from the die hard isolationists, the de­ featists, and the business as usual gr~p, our thoughts were conditioned for continued peace. Baucous farewell pa~ies, jokes and stories of camp life, and tunes such as "Goodbye Dear I'll Be Back In a Year", formed the total l a con1iribu·Uon of aany to defense from the world. w1:1hout. abarso•e, cieclal'a- tions ot emerpnc7, p.eoline and fUel rationing, credit curbs and other re­ strictions were attacked as additional ft&ew Deal" methods ot e&1ntag more and more control over our P.raonal bUeinen. The President, in June wrote con- earning thoae without fervor toward the prosram ot detenae and active ai~ 4lthousb the7 were a minority, they to~ed a very .powerful· croup. They nre powertul be- cause they bad large twlds at their diapoaal tor propapnda purpoaea. They were powerful because they had the eupport ot some ot the larpat uwspapera arul newapaper ahaina in the country. They were powerful because they could command the service• ot a handful ot United States Senators who knew that they had the power to filibuster and who were willing to uee that power, it neoesaar,r, to taia their enda.l I'\ •• e"(ident that _.,. .Americane had aot yet leaned that our foreign polic7 and intereete •ere an ·intel%1ll pert of our d011eatio policY; that the communication, transportation, aad military adYBncee of the centur7 had made an bolated lite an 1m.posaib1lity; that the affairs ot the world wert affaire ot oure. Early in the year, reaop.islng its "t&lue 8hould we eater the war, the Baq ~-pe.rtmeat, with the approval of Great BrUain, authorised tile ao:a­ atruotioa ot a weather atation and Daval base in Placentia harbor, Jrgentia, Newfoundland. S&Uing the great circle routea, our ahipl to lurope could obta1n accurate information from this ltation on the state ot the weather, and receive here, en route, additional protective convoy acreening a,ainet the .ubmariae menace in the treaoherou1 North Atlantic waters. l Samu.el Roniiii8n, editor, !he Public Papere and Addreaeee ot :r.r&Dklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. IT (1940) Jlfaamillan Oompan771f•w York, l9ii', iifti. - 3. It was to this place that the ~Augusta, with President Roosevelt aboard, made its way through the mine-laid, netted outer harbor o:a the morning of August 9th for a rendezvous with the EMS Prince of Wales, which would bring Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of England~ Among the President's a ides and advisors were Sumner Welles, Averill Harriman, Admirals King and Stark, Generals Marshall and Arnold. In addition, a large group of technical advisors in all fields stood ready to fUrniSh specialized informa- tion when needed. About noon of the following day the EMS Prince £!_Wales, with it~ protective screen of light cruisers and destroyers, made its way slowly into the guarded harbor and dropped anchor near the President's flagship.2