COMMUNITY AND BUSINESS TOOLKIT FOR TIDAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT March 2013 ATEI Publication 2013-01 Community and Business Toolkit for Tidal Energy Development © 2013 Acadia Tidal Energy Institute Editors: Dr. Shelley MacDougall Dr. John Colton Project Coordinator: Alan Howell Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4P 2R6 Contact editors: [email protected]; [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS © Acadia Tidal Energy Insti tute CONTENTS LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR .................................................................................................................I ABOUT THE AUTHORS .............................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................................VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................XV INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMUNITY AND BUSINESS TOOLKIT FOR TIDAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ... 1 THE ACADIA TIDAL ENERGY INSTITUTE ....................................................................................................2 ORGANIZATION OF THE TOOLKIT .............................................................................................................3 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................4 Secti on A: What is Tidal Energy All About ......................................................................................................... 7 1 - OVERVIEW OF TIDAL ENERGY.....................................................................................................................8 1.0 INTRODUCTION: WHY CONSIDER TIDAL ENERGY?.............................................................................9 1.1 TIDAL POWER ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 ELECTRICITY FROM WATER ................................................................................................................12 1.2.1 CURRENT APPROACHES TO TIDAL ENERGY .............................................................................. 13 1.3 WHY TIDAL POWER? ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.4 HOW TIDAL ENERGY CONVERTERS (TECS) WORK .............................................................................. 14 1.4.1 VERTICAL AXIS .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.4.2 HORIZONTAL AXIS ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.3 TIDAL LAGOONS AND SHORE-ATTACHED IMPOUNDMENTS .................................................... 16 1.5 TIDAL POWER OPPORTUNITIES IN CANADA ...................................................................................... 17 1.5.1 GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM THE TIDES USING TIDAL ENERGY CONVERTERS (TEC) DEVICES ..... 18 1.5.2 SITE CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................................. 19 1.5.3 ADVANTAGES OF TIDAL POWER ............................................................................................... 19 1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF TIDAL POWER .................................................................................. 21 1.6.1 ENVIRONMENT-RELATED ISSUES OF TEC DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................... 21 1.6.2 EFFECTS ON OTHER MARINE RESOURCES ................................................................................ 22 1.6.3 SUPPLY-RELATED ISSUES OF TEC DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................... 23 1.7 FINAL WORDS .................................................................................................................................... 23 © Acadia Tidal Energy Insti tute TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 - MEASURING AND ASSESSING THE TIDAL RESOURCE............................................................................... 25 2.0 INTRODUCTION: NOVA SCOTIA TIDAL RESOURCE ............................................................................. 26 2.0.1 EXTRACTABLE POWER .............................................................................................................. 26 2.0.2 INSTALLED CAPACITY ................................................................................................................ 28 2.0.3 POWER DENSITY ....................................................................................................................... 30 2.1 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2 SITE ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.2.1 MEASUREMENTS OF TIDAL FLOW ............................................................................................ 31 2.2.2 NUMERICAL MODELING AND FLOW IMPACT ...........................................................................32 2.2.3 OTHER SITE ASSESSMENT FACTORS ..........................................................................................32 2.2.4 TIDAL ARRAYS AND BLOCKAGE RATIO ......................................................................................32 2.2.5 EFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ................................................................................33 2.3 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF MINAS CHANNEL ..........................................................................................34 3 - TIDAL POWER EXTRACTION DEVICES........................................................................................................ 38 3.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................39 3.1 TURBINES ...........................................................................................................................................40 3.2 TYPES OF TIDAL TURBINES .................................................................................................................41 3.2.1 HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINES ....................................................................................................42 3.2.2 VERTICAL AXIS TURBINES .........................................................................................................42 3.2.3 CROSS FLOW TURBINES ............................................................................................................43 3.3 FLOW ..................................................................................................................................................43 3.3.1 MOORING STYLES .....................................................................................................................44 3.4 INSTALLATION ....................................................................................................................................45 3.5 MAINTENANCE ...................................................................................................................................45 3.6 POWER ...............................................................................................................................................46 3.6.1 DEMAND AND GRID CONNECTION ...........................................................................................46 3.6.2 CABLES ......................................................................................................................................47 3.6.3 ONSHORE FACILITIES ................................................................................................................48 TABLE OF CONTENTS © Acadia Tidal Energy Insti tute Secti on B: How is In-stream Tidal Energy Managed Responsibly?.......................................................................50 4 - THE REGULATORY REGIME FOR TIDAL ENERGY.........................................................................................51 4.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................52 4.1 SNAPSHOT OF PROVINCIAL & FEDERAL SUPPORT IN NOVA SCOTIA’S TIDAL ENERGY SECTOR ..........53 4.2 POLICY AND PROGRAMS FOR TIDAL ENERGY ....................................................................................54 4.2.1 THE BAY OF FUNDY STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) ....................................54 4.2.2 RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY PLAN ................................................................................................55 4.2.3 RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS ..................................................................................55 4.2.4 ENHANCED NET-METERING ......................................................................................................56 4.2.5 COMMUNITY-BASED FEED-IN TARIFF (COMFIT) PROGRAM .....................................................56 4.2.6 DEVELOPMENTAL TIDAL ARRAY FEED-IN TARIFF (FIT) ..............................................................57 4.2.7 LARGE-SCALE PROJECTS AND THE RENEWABLE