COMMUNICATION, CULTURAL AND MEDIA STUDIES: THE KEY CONCEPTS This book provides a topical and authoritative guide to Communica- tion, Cultural and Media Studies. It brings together in an accessible form some of the most important concepts that you will need, and shows how they have been - or might be - used. This third edition of the classic text Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies forms an up-to-date, multi-disciplinary explanation and assessment of the key concepts and new terms that you will encounter in your studies, from `anti-globalisation' to `reality TV', from `celebrity' to `tech-wreck'. This new edition includes: . Over 70 new entries, . Most entries revised, rewritten and updated, . Coverage of recent developments in the field, . Coverage of new interactive media and the `new economy', . An extensive bibliography to aid further study. John Hartley is Professor and Dean of the Creative Industries Faculty at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. He is author of many books and articles on television, journalism and cultural studies. His mostrecentbooks are: Popular Reality (1996), Uses of Television (1999), The Indigenous Public Sphere, with Alan McKee (2000), American Cultural Studies: A Reader, edited with Roberta E. Pearson (2000) and A Short History of Cultural Studies (2003). ROUTLEDGE KEY GUIDES Routledge Key Guides are accessible, informative and lucid handbooks, which define and discuss the central concepts, thinkers and debates in a broad range of academic disciplines. All are written by noted experts in their respective subjects. Clear, concise exposition of complex and stimulating issues and ideas make Routledge Key Guides the ultimate reference resources for students, teachers, researchers and the interested lay person. Ancient History: Key Themes and Approaches Sport Psychology: The Key Concepts Neville Morley Ellis Cashmore Business: The Key Concepts Television Studies: The Key Concepts Mark Vernon Neil Casey, Bernadette Casey, Justin Lewis, Ben Calvert and Liam French Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (second edi- tion) Fifty Eastern Thinkers Susan Hayward Diane´ Collinson, Kathryn Plant and Robert Wilkinson Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts Edited by AndrewEdgar and Peter Fifty Contemporary Choreographers Sedgwick Edited by Martha Bremser Cultural Theory: The Key Thinkers Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers AndrewEdgar and Peter Sedgwick Edited by Yvonne Tasker Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings Fifty Key Classical Authors Oliver Leaman Alison Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash International Relations: The Key Concepts Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan John Lechte Key Writers on Art: From Antiquity to the Nine- Fifty Key Figures in Twentieth-Century British teenth Century Politics Edited by Chris Murray Keith Laybourn Key Writers on Art: The Twentieth Century Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers Edited by Chris Murray Dan Cohn-Sherbok Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment Popular Music: The Key Concepts Edited by Joy Palmer with Peter Blaze Roy Shuker Corcoran and David A. Cooper Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts Fifty Key Thinkers on History Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Marnie Hughes-Warrington Tiffin Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Key Con- Martin Griffiths cepts Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing Fifty Major Economists Steven Pressman Sport and Physical Education: The Key Concepts Timothy Chandler, Mike Cronin and Wray Fifty Major Philosophers Vamplew Diane´ Collinson Fifty Major Thinkers on Education Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics Joy Palmer R. L. Trask Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education Key Concepts in the Philosophy of Education Joy Palmer John Gingell and Christopher Winch Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: Oliver Leaman The Key Concepts (third edition) John Hartley COMMUNICATION, CULTURAL AND MEDIA STUDIES The Key Concepts Third Edition John Hartley With additional material by Martin Montgomery, Elinor Rennie and Marc Brennan First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. # 2002 John Hartley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been requested ISBN 0-203-44993-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-45754-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–26888–5 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–26889–3 (pbk) CONTENTS Preface to the third edition viii Introduction ix Acknowledgements xi List of concepts xii KEY CONCEPTS 1–237 Bibliography 238 Index 259 vii PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION This is the third edition of a book first published in the early 1980s, followed by an enlarged and revised edition in the 1990s. It has remained in print and in demand for all of the intervening time. It has also been translated into Chinese, Spanish, Korean and Bahasa Malaysian. Nowhere it is again, spruced up for a newcentury. For this edition it has been revised from top to bottom, has come under single authorship, with crucial input from Martin Montgomery, Elinor Rennie and Marc Brennan, and it has been redesigned. Some concepts survive from earlier editions, but for the most part this is an entirely newwork.The entries nowinclude many that relate to new interactive media and the ‘neweconomy’, developments that were not even on the horizon when the first edition was published. The first edition was published in 1982 with the title Key Concepts in Communication Studies. The second edition was Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies, published in 1994. This edition is called Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts, the change in form of the title reflecting this volume’s alignment with Routledge’s ‘Key Guides’, of which it was the prototype. Cultural and media studies have also been successively added, in recognition of their importance both within these covers and in the world. viii INTRODUCTION In 1969, computers were the size of rooms; computer disks the size of woks. Time spent on them was so valuable you had to hire it by the hundredth of an hour (0.6 of a minute). These impressive machines, however, had about as much computing power as the old PC that people nowpass on to the kids because it is too slow.But those behemoths – the IBM 360s – were used in 1969 to send people to the moon. In the same year, the year of the Woodstock music festival and the first episodes of Sesame Street, the first Boeing 747 jumbo jet rolled out of its Seattle hangar. It was in 1969 also that, using the resources of a military budget distended by Cold War fears and the continuing Vietnam War, the US Defense Department’s Advanced Projects Research Agency invented a ‘packet switching’ technology – better known now as the Internet. Communication was entering an unprecedented phase of intensi- fication; culture was flowering; information was valuable and the sky was the limit. The media, communications and culture were moving centre stage, becoming among the most dynamic areas of con- temporary life. Since 1969 computing, communication, media and the field of popular culture have changed and burgeoned. Computing is many times faster and nowmuch more socially pervasive. International transport is now a mass medium in its own right. The Internet grows exponentially each year. The neweconomy has made its presence felt. But things have not changed out of all recognition. The USA is still the engine of innovation and growth, and simultaneously a source of anxiety and hostility. Jumbos are still flying. And some of Woodstock’s greatest hits are still playing. People don’t go the moon any more, but they do go to Disney World, which also began life in 1969. Communication, cultural and media studies are also of this vintage; relatively young by academic standards. They grewout of the period in the 1960s and 1970s when higher education began to take modern communication, culture and media seriously. This was also the time ix INTRODUCTION when universities in Europe, Australia and elsewhere began to open their doors to people whose families had never before sent a daughter or son to university. The combination – newideas, newobjects of study, newstudents – has made this field very dynamic, very interesting to work in and also controversial. As relatively newareas of study, communication, cultural and media studies have been characterised by fast-moving and innovative research work;by the attempt to say newthings in newways. At the same time, they have borrowed widely from a variety of established academic disciplines and discourses. As a result, there is often an uneasy period for the newcomer to the area, until you get your bearings. What follows is a field guide. It is designed to put together in an accessible form some of the most important concepts that you will encounter, and to showsome of the ways in whichthese concepts have been (or might be) used. The book is not a dictionary – it does not claim to treat concepts ‘definitively’. The entries are not destinations but starting points for further intellectual and practical work. Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts is designed to help students and teachers newto the area find their way about. It may be that getting to knowa newarea of study is best done by the usual method: crashing about in the dark and bumping into things. This was certainly the case was for me when I started trying to understand communication, culture and media back in 1969, the year I went to university (the first member of my family to do so).