EPA/600/R-15/053 | March 2016 www.epa.gov/homeland-security-research Identification and Screening of Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Alternatives Office of Research and Develpment National Homeland Security Research Center Identification and Screening of Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Alternatives Identification and Screening of Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Alternatives U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Homeland Security Research Center 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 Disclaimer The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development managed the research described here under Interagency Agreement No. RW-70-95849301 with the Department of Homeland Security. It has been subjected to the Agency’s review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to: Sandip Chattopadhyay, Ph.D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Homeland Security Research Center 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Mail Code NG16 Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7549 [email protected] Paul Lemieux, Ph.D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Homeland Security Research Center 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code E343-06 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-0962 [email protected] Identification and Screening of Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Alternatives Acknowledgements This technical report has been prepared for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC), and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)/ Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology Directorate. Dr. Paul Lemieux of NHSRC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, served as task order contracting officer representative. APHIS guidance, reviews, and comments were provided by Lori Miller. Dr. Sandip Chattopadhyay (NHSRC) served as the lead author of this document. Dr. Sarah Taft, Paul Kudarauskas, Dr. Joan Bursey from U.S. EPA and Dr. Craig Ramsey from USDA/APHIS provided insight and review comments that greatly improved the document. i Identification and Screening of Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Alternatives Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Analysis of Existing Data ............................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Overview of Animal and Carcass Handling Biosecurity Factors ................................................. 8 1.5 Infrastructural Requirements......................................................................................................... 9 2 Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Options ............................................................................................ 12 2.1 On-site Size Reduction................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Application .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Operational Capacity ........................................................................................................... 17 2.1.4 Environmental Issues Associated with On-site Size Reduction .......................................... 18 2.1.5 How On-site Size Reduction Tracks to Each of the Six Disposal Options ......................... 19 2.1.6 Vendors and Cost for On-site Size Reduction .................................................................... 21 2.2 Digestion ..................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.2 Application .......................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Operational Capacity ........................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Environmental Issues Associated with Digestion ............................................................... 24 2.2.5 How Digestion Tracks to Each of the Six Disposal Options .............................................. 25 2.2.6 Vendors and Cost for Digestion .......................................................................................... 26 2.3 Bioreduction ................................................................................................................................ 27 2.3.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................ 27 2.3.2 Application .......................................................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Operational Capacity ........................................................................................................... 30 2.3.4 Environmental Issues Associated with Bioreduction .......................................................... 30 2.3.5 How Bioreduction Tracks to Each of the Six Disposal Options ......................................... 31 2.3.6 Vendors and Cost for Bioreduction..................................................................................... 32 ii Identification and Screening of Infectious Carcass Pretreatment Alternatives 2.4 Alkaline Hydrolysis .................................................................................................................... 32 2.4.1 Definition of Alkaline Hydrolysis ....................................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Application of Alkaline Hydrolysis .................................................................................... 32 2.4.3 Operational Capacity ........................................................................................................... 33 2.4.4 Environmental Issues Associated with Alkaline Hydrolysis .............................................. 34 2.4.5 How Alkaline Hydrolysis Tracks to Each of the Six Disposal Options .............................. 35 2.4.6 Vendors and Cost for Alkaline Hydrolysis ......................................................................... 35 2.5 Steam Sterilization ...................................................................................................................... 36 2.5.1 Definition ............................................................................................................................ 36 2.5.2 Application .......................................................................................................................... 36 2.5.3 Operational Capacity ........................................................................................................... 38 2.5.4 Environmental Issues Associated with Steam Sterilization ................................................ 38 2.5.5 How Steam Sterilization Tracks to Each of the Six Disposal Options ............................... 38 2.5.6 Vendors and Cost for Steam Sterilization ........................................................................... 39 2.6 Freezing....................................................................................................................................... 39 2.6.1 Definition of Freezing ......................................................................................................... 39 2.6.2 Application of Freezing ...................................................................................................... 39 2.6.3 Operational Capacity ........................................................................................................... 41 2.6.4 Environmental Issues Associated with Freezing ................................................................. 41 2.6.5 How Freezing Tracks to Each of the Six Disposal Options ................................................ 41 2.6.6 Vendors and Cost for Freezing ..........................................................................................