Notes Preface 1. Alfred Pearce Dennis, “Humanizing the Department of Commerce,” Saturday Evening Post, June 6, 1925, 8. 2. Herbert Hoover, Memoirs: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1930 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 184. 3. Herbert Hoover, “The Larger Purposes of the Department of Commerce,” in “Republi- can National Committee, Brief Review of Activities and Policies of the Federal Executive Departments,” Bulletin No. 6, 1928, Herbert Hoover Papers, Campaign and Transition Period, Box 6, “Subject: Republican National Committee,” Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa. 4. Herbert Hoover, “Responsibility of America for World Peace,” address before national con- vention of National League of Women Voters, Des Moines, Iowa, April 11, 1923, Bible no. 303, Hoover Presidential Library. 5. Bruce Bliven, “Hoover—And the Rest,” Independent, May 29, 1920, 275. Chapter 1 1. John W. Hallowell to Arthur (Hallowell?), November 21, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Com- merce Period, Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa, Box 6, “Hallowell, John W., 1917–1920”; Julius Barnes to Gertrude Barnes, November 27 and December 5, 1918, ibid., Box 2, “Barnes, Julius H., Nov. 27, 1918–Jan. 17, 1919”; Lewis Strauss, “Further Notes for Mr. Irwin,” ca. February 1928, Subject File, Lewis L. Strauss Papers, Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa, Box 10, “Campaign of 1928: Campaign Literature, Speeches, etc., Press Releases, Speeches, etc., 1928 Feb.–Nov.”; Strauss, handwritten notes, December 1, 1918, ibid., Box 76, “Strauss, Lewis L., Diaries, 1917–19.” 2. The men who sailed with Hoover to Europe on the Olympic on November 18, 1918, were Julius Barnes, Frederick Chatfi eld, John Hallowell, Lewis Strauss, Robert Taft, and Alonzo Taylor. See Strauss to Bruce Bliven, July 8, 1920, Strauss Papers, Box 36, “Hoover, Herbert, General, 1920.” 3. Hoover to Wilson, November 4, 1918, American Relief Administration Documents (here- after, “ARA Docs.”), 1:5–7, Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa; Alonzo E. Taylor, “Food Conditions in Germany and Austria-Hungary,” November 14, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 15, “Taylor, Alonzo, 1917–1919”; Julius Barnes to Gertrude Barnes, December 3, 1918, ibid., Box 2, “Barnes, Julius H., Nov. 27, 1918–Jan. 433 434 Notes (pages 2–4) 17, 1919.” The puzzling nutritional imbalance of Hoover’s food relief—that is, the exclusive focus on fats and wheat and the complete absence of fruits and vegetables—seems to have resulted not only from storage and shipment limitations but also from the era’s scientifi c emphasis on calories as the measure of nutritional needs. On this, see Nick Cullather, “The Foreign Policy of the Calorie,” American Historical Review 112 (April 2007): 347–52. 4. Julius Barnes to Gertrude Barnes, December 3, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 2, “Barnes, Julius H., Nov. 27, 1918–Jan. 17, 1919.” 5. Wilson to Hoover, November 7, 1918, in Arthur S. Link et al., eds., The Papers of Wood- row Wilson, vol. 51, September 14–November 8, 1918 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 618–20 (hereafter, PWW). For the origins of this policy, see Hoover to Wilson, October 21, 26, 1918, ibid., 397–99, 458–59. 6. “Scheme for Relief in Period Immediately after the Conclusion of Hostilities (This origi- nated with the British),” undated, ca. October 30, 1918, ARA Docs., 1:75–77; Hoover to Wilson, November 4, 1918, enclosing (Ambassador William) Sharp to Secretary of State, November 1, 1918, ARA Docs., 1:8–11; Robert Taft to William Howard Taft, December 4, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 15, “Taft, Helen-Robert A., 1920”; draft of dispatch from secretary of state to Joseph Potter Cotton (Food Administration rep- resentative in London), enclosed in Hoover to Wilson, November 7, 1918, PWW, 51:635; Hoover to Wilson, October 24, 1918, PWW, 51: 438; Hoover to Wilson, April 11, 1919, PWW, vol. 57, April 5–22, 1919 (1987), 271–74; Anne Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 26–27; Carl P. Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969), 15–22. In his Memoirs, Hoover describes his disillusionment with Allied motives as having taken place literally over night, but as George Nash makes clear, he had been a realist about the European situation from at least the beginning of the war. Herbert Hoover, Memoirs: Years of Adventure, 1874–1920 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 285–89 (hereafter, Memoirs 1); George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917 (New York: Norton, 1988); George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 1917–1918 (New York: Norton, 1996). 7. Hoover to Wilson, November 9, 1918, ARA Docs., 1:25–26; Hoover to Wilson, November 14, 1918, PWW, vol. 53, November 9, 1918–January 11, 1919 (1986), 75–76. For Hoover’s desire to move beyond wartime bitterness toward the Germans and his frustration at what he saw as French obstructionism, see Louis P. Lochner, Herbert Hoover and Germany (New York: Macmillan, 1960), 29–46. It would be a mistake to see him as pro-German, but he regarded the stability and prosperity of Germany as essential to the future of Europe. 8. Hoover, Memoirs 1, 321. 9. Ibid. Among the small number of serious efforts by historians to explore this issue, two stand out: David Burner, “The Quaker Faith of Herbert Hoover,” in Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives, ed. Lee Nash (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution, 1987): 53–64; and James P. Johnson, “Herbert Hoover: The Orphan as Children’s Friend,” Prologue 12 (Win- ter 1980): 193–206. 10. “The Paris Offi ce: An Administrative Summary,” no date, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 24, “ARA-The Paris Offi ce-An Administrative Summary”; John J. Pershing to Hoover, December 12, 1918, Herbert Hoover Subject Collection, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford, California, Box 321, “Correspondence: Pershing, John J.”; Hoover to Wilson, December 16, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 60, “Relief: Europe, 1914–1920.” 11. Edward M. House to Wilson, November 27, 1918, PWW, 53:222–25; “Letter of Colonel House to the Allied Governments Transmitting the President’s Plan for Director-General of Relief,” December 1, 1918, ARA Docs., 1:70–74. 12. Extract from Vance McCormick diary, January 14, 1919, in Suda Lorena Bane and Ralph Haswell Lutz, eds., The Blockade of Germany After the Armistice, 1918–1919: Selected Docu- ments of the Supreme Economic Council, American Relief Administration, and Other Wartime Organizations (New York: Howard Fertig, 1972; repr. of 1942 ed.), 39; memorandum of meeting on December 10, 1918, PWW, 53:360–61; Hoover to House, December 10, 1918, Notes (pages 4–7) 435 ARA Docs., 1:92–95; Edward N. Hurley to Wilson, December 12, 1918, PWW, 53:372– 75; Sir William Wiseman to Foreign Offi ce, December 15, 1918, ibid., 394–96; Thomas F. Logan to Edward N. Hurley, December 23, 1918, ibid., 480–85; Auchincloss diary, vol. 3, p. 182 (December 14, 1918), Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 1, “Auchincloss, Gordon, 1919.” Bernard Baruch shared Hoover’s suspicions about Allied postwar economic ambitions. See Baruch to Ray Stannard Baker, May 22, 1922, ibid., Box 1, “Baker, Ray Stan- nard, 1919–1920.” 13. Julius Barnes to Gertrude Barnes, December 17, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 2, “Barnes, Julius H., Nov. 27, 1918–Jan. 17, 1919.” 14. Wilson to House, enclosing note to be delivered to the Allied governments, December 15, 1918, PWW, 53:392–93; American Mission in Paris to John W. Davis, January 1, 1919, ibid., 585–86; Wilson to Hoover, January 11, 1919, ibid., 714; Hoover, Memoirs 1, 298. The council’s minutes, published in Bane and Lutz, The Blockade of Germany, confi rm Hoover’s opinion about the organization’s pointlessness. 15. Hoover to Lord Reading, December 16, 1918, ARA Docs., 1:118–20; Wilson to secretary of state for secretary of war, December 16, 1918, and Wilson to secretary of state for secretary of the treasury, December 16, 1918, Strauss Papers, Subject File, Box 2, “American Relief Administration: Special Policy Folder, 1918–19.” 16. Hoover, “An Appeal to World Conscience,” December 1, 1918, Suda Lorena Bane and Ralph Haswell Lutz, eds., Organization of American Relief in Europe, 1918–1919: Including Negotiations Leading up to the Establishment of the Offi ce of Director General of Relief at Paris by the Allied and Associated Powers (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1943), 66–67; Wilson to secretary of war, December 16, 1918, ibid., 77; Wilson to Carter Glass, January 1, 1919, PWW, 53:578–79; Hoover, Memoirs 1, 294–95, 299. 17. Hoover to Edgar Rickard, December 16, 1918, in Bane and Lutz, Organization of Ameri- can Relief, 95–96; Hoover to Wilson, December 23, 1918, ibid., 114–15; memorandum by Hoover, January 3, 1919, ibid., 143–45; Frank M. Surface and Raymond L. Bland, American Food in the World War and Reconstruction Period: Operations of the Organization Under the Direc- tion of Herbert Hoover, 1914 to 1924 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931), 50–51; Hoover, Memoirs 1, 333. 18. Hoover to Brown, November 27, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 2, “Brown, Walter Lyman, 1918–1920”; Julius Barnes to Gertrude Barnes, November 29, 1918, ibid., Box 2, “Barnes, Julius H., Nov. 27, 1918–Jan. 17, 1919”; “‘Go to Hell,’ Hoover Says of Hun Offi cials,” New York Herald, ca. December 1, 1918; Hoover to House, ca. November 30, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 8, “House, Edward M., 1915–21 & undated.” The cartoonist “Ding” Darling published a cartoon on December 30 showing Hoover writing the famous phrase. 19. “Blockade of Foe Must Be Eased; Hoover,” unidentifi ed clipping, November 17, 1918, Hoover Papers, Pre-Commerce Period, Box 70, “June 1918–December 1918”; Hoover to Wilson, December 10, 19, 20, 1918, Strauss Papers, Name & Subject File I: Accretions, Box 53E, “American Relief Administration: Food for Austria and Germany, 1918–19”; Michael J.