INFLUENCE OF MAIZE MOSAIC VIRUS AND HOST PLANT GENOTYPES ON THE BIO- ECOLOGY OF PEREGRINUS MAIDIS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENTOMOLOGY MARCH 2012 By Clesson H. V. Higashi Thesis Committee: Alberto Bressan, Chairperson Mark G. Wright James Brewbaker TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 1:…. ..............................................................................................................................7 Abstract.....................................................................................................................................7 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................7 Vector biology and ecology .....................................................................................7 Maize mosaic virus ..................................................................................................8 Virus-vector interactions ........................................................................................10 Corn production in Hawaii.....................................................................................11 MMV Resistant Corn and gene Mv .......................................................................12 Summary of chapters ..............................................................................................................13 References ..............................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 2:…. ............................................................................................................................21 Abstract...................................................................................................................................21 Introduction ............................................................................................................................22 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................25 Experimental design...............................................................................................25 Insect rearing ..........................................................................................................26 Production of MMV infected plants ......................................................................26 Production of first instar nymphs ...........................................................................27 Development, longevity, and fecundity .................................................................28 MMV detection ......................................................................................................28 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................29 Results ....................................................................................................................................29 MMV Infection ......................................................................................................29 Development ..........................................................................................................30 Nymphal mortality .................................................................................................30 Adult longevity and fecundity ...............................................................................31 Morphology............................................................................................................32 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................32 Figures ....................................................................................................................................38 Tables .....................................................................................................................................45 References ..............................................................................................................................48 CHAPTER 3: ................................................................................................................................54 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 54 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 55 1 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................ 57 Field Experiment ....................................................................................................57 Planthopper sampling.............................................................................................58 Incidence of MMV .................................................................................................58 Field collections and greenhouse rearing ...............................................................59 Detection of MMV ................................................................................................60 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................60 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Population dynamics ..............................................................................................61 Infection Rates .......................................................................................................63 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................63 Figures ....................................................................................................................................68 Tables .....................................................................................................................................72 References ..............................................................................................................................75 CHAPTER4: .................................................................................................................................80 Abstract...................................................................................................................................80 Introduction ............................................................................................................................81 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................84 Plant genotypes ......................................................................................................84 Insect rearing ..........................................................................................................85 Production of first instar nymphs ...........................................................................85 Development, longevity, and fecundity .................................................................86 MMV acquisition ...................................................................................................86 Field assay ..............................................................................................................87 Planthopper sampling.............................................................................................88 MMV incidence .....................................................................................................88 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................89 Results ....................................................................................................................................90 Development, longevity, and fecundity .................................................................90 MMV acquisition ...................................................................................................91 Planthopper counts .................................................................................................92 MMV incidence .....................................................................................................93 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................94 Figures ..................................................................................................................................100 Tables ...................................................................................................................................106