Organizational Behavior in Sport Management An Applied Approach to Understanding People and Groups Christopher R. Barnhill Natalie L. Smith and Brent D. Oja Organizational Behavior in Sport Management Christopher R. Barnhill Natalie L. Smith • Brent D. Oja Organizational Behavior in Sport Management An Applied Approach to Understanding People and Groups Christopher R. Barnhill Natalie L. Smith Georgia Southern University East Tennessee State University Statesboro, GA, USA Johnson City, TN, USA Brent D. Oja University of Northern Colorado Greeley, CO, USA ISBN 978-3-030-67611-7 ISBN 978-3-030-67612-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67612-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. 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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I Organizational Behavior in the Sports Industry 1 What Is Organizational Behavior . 3 1.1 What Is Organizational Behavior? . 3 1.1.1 History of Organizational Behavior in Sport . 4 1.1.2 Positive Organizational Behavior. 5 1.1.3 Psychological Capital and the HERO Model . 5 1.2 Managers and Employees . 6 1.2.1 Who Are They? . 6 1.2.2 What Do Sport Employees Do? . 7 1.3 External In#uences of Organizational Behavior . 8 1.3.1 Resource Dependency . 8 1.3.2 Open Systems Theory . 9 1.3.3 Legitimacy and Institutional Theory . 10 1.4 Summary . 11 2 Unique Characteristics of Sport Organizations . 13 2.1 Introduction . 13 2.2 De!ning Organizations . 13 2.2.1 Identity and Permanency . 14 2.2.2 Instrumentality . 14 2.2.3 Membership . 14 2.2.4 Division of Labor . 15 2.2.5 Hierarchy of Authority . 15 2.2.6 Formal Policies and Procedures . 15 2.3 Sport Organizations . 15 2.3.1 Sport De!ned . 16 2.3.2 Sport as an Industry . 16 2.3.3 Organizational Identity . 17 2.4 Internal Organizational Factors . 18 2.4.1 Mission, Vision, and Values . 18 2.4.2 Organizational Culture . 18 2.4.3 Organizational Structure . 18 2.4.4 Organizational Size and Resources . 19 2.5 Sport and Culture . 20 2.5.1 Impact of Politics on Sport Organizations . 20 2.5.2 Impact of Sport Organizations on Their Communities 21 2.6 Summary . 21 v vi Contents 3 Diversity in Sport Organizations . 23 3.1 What Does It Mean to Be a Diverse Organization? . 23 3.1.1 Ethical Aspects . 24 3.1.2 Financial Aspects . 24 3.1.3 Legal Aspects . 24 3.1.4 Consumer/Participant Aspects . 25 3.2 Types of Diversity . 26 3.2.1 Demographic Differences . 26 3.2.2 Psycho-Social Differences . 27 3.2.3 Cultural Diversity . 27 3.3 Diversity Versus Inclusion . 28 3.4 Bene!ts of Diversity and Inclusion . 28 3.4.1 Organizational Success . 29 3.5 Organizational Aspects of Diversity and Inclusion . 30 3.5.1 Committees on Diversity and Inclusion . 30 3.5.2 Diversity and Inclusion Statements . 30 3.5.3 Diversity and Inclusion Recruitment . 30 3.5.4 Hiring Process . 31 3.5.5 Diversity and Inclusion Programming . 31 3.5.6 Organizational Culture and Structure . 32 3.6 Conclusion . 33 Part II Understanding the Organization 4 Organizational Structure . 37 4.1 Concepts of Structure Within Organizations . 37 4.1.1 Specialization . 38 4.1.2 Departmentalization . 38 4.1.3 Formalization . 39 4.1.4 Centralization . 39 4.1.5 Span of Control . 40 4.1.6 Chain of Command . 40 4.2 Type of Organizational Structures . 41 4.2.1 Simple Structure. 41 4.2.2 Hierarchical or Bureaucratic Structure . 41 4.2.3 Matrix Organizational Structure . 42 4.2.4 Self-Managed Teams . 43 4.2.5 Fluid and Complex Structures . 43 4.3 In#uences and Issues in Sport Organizations . 44 4.3.1 In#uence of Sport’s Origin on Current Organizational Structures . 44 4.3.2 Small-Medium Enterprises in Sport. 45 4.3.3 League and Coopetitive In#uences . 45 4.4 Conclusion . 46 5 Communication in Organizations . 49 5.1 Importance of Communication . 50 5.1.1 Communication De!ned . 50 Contents vii 5.2 The Communication Process . 51 5.3 Direction of Communication . 52 5.3.1 Downward Communication . 52 5.3.2 Upward Communication . 52 5.3.3 Horizontal Communication . 52 5.4 Communication Channels . 53 5.4.1 Oral Communication . 53 5.4.2 Written Communication. 53 5.4.3 Nonverbal Communication . 54 5.4.4 Electronic Communication . 54 5.5 Communication and Cultural Norms . 56 5.6 Summary . 57 6 Organizational Culture . 59 6.1 Understanding Organizational Culture . 59 6.1.1 Organizational Culture De!ned . 59 6.2 Organizational Culture: Strength of In#uence . 61 6.3 Organizational Culture and Values . 61 6.3.1 Societal Values . 61 6.3.2 Sporting Values . 61 6.3.3 Personal Values . 62 6.4 Maintaining Organizational Culture . 63 6.4.1 Verbal & Written Cues . 63 6.4.2 Symbols & Actions . 63 6.4.3 Stories . 64 6.4.4 Artifacts . 64 6.4.5 Rituals . 65 6.4.6 Organizational Systems . 65 6.4.7 New Employees . 66 6.5 Altering Organizational Culture. 66 6.6 Organizational Culture vs. Organizational Climate . 67 6.7 Conclusion . 68 7 Labor in Sport . 71 7.1 The Concept of Labor . ..