Design and Analysis of Run-of-River Water Turbine By Muhammad Afif bin Ilham Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical Engineering SEPTEMBER 2011 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar 31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL Design and Analysis of Run-of-River Water Turbine By Muhammad Afif bin Ilham A project dissertation submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Programme UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) Approved by, ___________________________ (Mohd Faizari Mohd Nor) Project Supervisor Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Tronoh, Perak Sept 2011 CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons. ___________________________ Muhammad Afif bin Ilham ABSTRACT This paper discussed on the project entitled, “Design and analysis of run-of-river water turbine”. It consists of project background, objectives, problem statements, and the relevance of the project, literature reviews, and the methodology which is the flow of the project and finally the result and discussion before the conclusion. In this project the author design a run of river water turbine and analyze the power that can be generated by the turbine. The study is about gathering all possible information about river water turbine for further studies which will lead to the result of the design of the water turbine and the power generated by the turbine. The main objective of this project is merely to prove that the author’s design of the vertical axis run of river water turbine can generate power in form of electric. Water turbines can be classified depending on the direction of rotational axis relative to water flow direction. Axial flow water turbines have their axis of rotation parallel to water stream direction. Other turbines such as cross flow water turbines or Darrieus type water turbines (from Jean-Marie Darrieus, inventor of first vertical axis wind turbine, have rotational axis perpendicular to current direction. A vertical-axis turbine is able to extract power from any direction without adjustment. At the end of this research, the conclusion that can be obtained is the run-of river water turbine can generate power. In order to provide such conclusion, the data that need to be considered are the river water velocity, the cross sectional area of the augmentation channeling, and the height of the augmentation channel that would be immersed in the water. i ACKNWOLEDGEMENT First and foremost, highest gratitude to Allah the almighty for upon His guidance and will, had blessed the author with good health and mind in order to complete the Final Year Project (FYP) successfully within the time given. The author wishes to express his utmost appreciation to his project supervisor Mr. Mohd Faizari Mohd Nor for having confidence in the author to be his FYP student and guiding the author throughout the research. His continuous support since the beginning until the end of the research is highly appreciated. The author also hopes to send his deepest appreciation to Mechanical Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) for excellent support in terms of providing invaluable knowledge and information for the whole period of project. Special thanks to the author’s family and fellow colleagues especially to for their support and help throughout the completion of this research. Last but not least, to all who’s involved in making this research a success, thank you for your help, motivation and encouragement. This will be a excellent experience and the author hopes that it will bring beneficial output to others as well. The author sincerely appreciates all your kindheartedness. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iii LIST OF FIGURES . vi LIST OF TABLES . vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 1.2 Background of Study . 1 1.3 Problem Statement . 1 1.3.1 Problem identification . 1 1.3.2 Significant of the project . 2 1.4 Objective . 2 1.5 Scope of Study . 2 1.6 The relevancy of the project . 3 1.7 Feasibility of the project . 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 4 2.1 Flowing river . 4 2.2 Run – of river water turbine . 5 2.3 Vertical axis run – of river water turbine . 6 2.4 FLUENT software . 7 2.5 Material Selection . 8 iii CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY . 10 3.1 Research Methodology . 10 3.2 Project Activities . 11 3.2.1 Review Existing Turbine Design . 12 3.2.2 Modification of Design . 13 3.2.3 Design of Augmentation Channel . 14 3.2.4 Material Selection . 15 3.2.5 Analysis using CFD Software . 17 3.3 Gant Chart . 17 3.4 Key Milestones . 18 CHAPTER 4: RESULT & DISCUSSION . 19 4.1 Proposed Design . 19 4.1.1 Water Wheel . 19 4.1.2 Augmentation Channeling . 20 4.2 Analysis of Result . 21 4.2.1 Velocity Profile . 21 4.2.2 Velocity Contour . 22 4.2.3 Pressure Contour . 23 4.3 Calculation . 24 iv CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION . 26 CHAPTER 6: REFFERENCES . 27 CHAPTER 7: APPENDIX . 28 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Relationship between speed of river and power available. 5 Figure 2: Vertical axis turbines . 6 Figure 3: Ashby material selection chart: strength vs density . 8 Figure 4: Flow chart of the research methodology . 9 Figure 5: Flow chart of the project activities . 10 Figure 6: Gorlov Helical Turbine . 12 Figure 7: Pelton Turbine . 12 Figure 8: Turgo Turbine . 12 Figure 9: Water Wheel . 13 Figure 10: Design of augmentation channeling . 14 Figure 11: Water Wheel . 19 Figure 12: Augmentation Channel . 20 Figure 13: Velocity profile . 21 Figure 14: Velocity contour . 22 Figure 15: Pressure contour . 23 Figure 16: Velocity magnitude Contour . 28 Figure 17: Static pressure contour . 29 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Comparison between horizontal and vertical turbine . 7 Table 2: Performance indices . 9 Table 3: Available material . 15 Table 4: Material chosen . 16 Table 5: Gant Chart . 17 Table 6: Key Milestones . 18 Table 7: Power generated without turbine efficiency . 24 Table 8: Power generated with turbine efficiency . 25 vii CHAPTER 1 INRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study The power from running river has been interest for electricity production for many years. This project will focus on small scale river current turbine with the output of 0.5- 5 kW. This turbine is to be used for domestic electricity application such as lighting and battery charging in rural area that uses electricity for basic application. Water current turbine generates power from the river current kinetic energy without using a dam. This type of turbine is low in cost and continuously supply electrical energy is the advantage compared to solar power. There are many river exist in Malaysia especially in the East – Malaysia. There are 12 rivers in Sarawak and 9 rivers in Sabah. This is the source of power that can be used to supply the needed electricity to small communities and villages. 1.2 Problem Statement 1.2.1 Problem identification Hydroelectric energy is being used widely in generating electricity now days. However, it is done is large scale using dams to produce megawatts of electricity in order to cater for the current energy demand all around the country. Is there any possibility to extract this kind of energy in a small scale? Is energy can be extract from flowing water streams? This is the questions that will be answered through this project. 1 1.2.2 Significant of the project By referring to the problem identification, this project is to study about the small scale run-of-river water turbine in terms of its design to generate power output from flowing river stream. Thus, the author need to come out with a design and also analyzed the design using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software as well as with anticipated power calculations before fabrication and testing. 1.3 Objective 1. To design the small scale vertical axis run-of river water turbine. 2. Analyze the power output generated from the turbine that been designed. 1.4 Scope of study The scope of study is mainly focusing on the design of the turbine for generate electricity from the kinetic energy from flowing river. The velocity of the river will be determining the power that can be generated. The power available from the river can be 3 worked out using the following formula. Pa = ½ x Cp x ρ x A v . The power will increased in a cubed relationship to the velocity of the flow of water past turbine. This project will be divided into two stages; the first stage will involves on researching and study thoroughly about run-of river water turbine. Then with the help and assist from supervisor, the most suitable design will be used for fabrication. It takes into consideration the concepts of the turbine and the buoyancy of the turbine. The second stage will focus on the fabrication of the turbine and the analysis of the turbine. The fabrication will be performed in the lab and the analysis will be performed at the river itself. The efficiency of the turbine will be monitored. 2 1.5 The relevancy of the project Water current turbine has received an increasing interest in many part of the world. The small scale hydropower is considered environmentally friendly, meaning that the water that passing through the turbine is going back to the stream with small impact on surrounding.