Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze del Linguaggio Scuola di dottorato in Scienze del Linguaggio, della Cognizione e della Formazione Ciclo 23° (A.A. 2011 - 2012) Balkan Romance: Aspects on the Syntax of Istro-Romanian SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: LIN/01 Tesi di dottorato di Iulia-Georgiana Zegrean, matricola 955503 Direttrice del Dottorato Tutrice della dottoranda Prof.ssa Alessandra Giorgi Prof.ssa Giuliana Giusti Abstract: The present study presents the initial results of the documentation and (tentative) analyses of some aspects of the grammar of Istro-Romanian (IR), an understudied seriously endangered dialect from the Eastern Romance family, spoken in Croatia. The study is based on data which I collected throughout 2009 and 2010. Chapter 1 offers a brief overview of present-day IR, with references to the community and the linguistic identity. Chapter 2 discusses the properties that IR has in common (or according to which it differs) from languages belonging to the Balkan Linguistic Area, with a systematic comparative look at the three other Eastern Romance languages/dialects. Chapters 3 and 4 present original data on the Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase in IR, in the framework of recent generative studies. Finally, Chapter 5 takes a step further into possible formal comparative analyses – with either Romanian or Slavic, by looking at the behavior of clitic elements in IR. Estratto per riassunto: Questo studio presenta i risultati iniziali del lavoro di documentazione e dell’analisi di alcuni aspetti grammaticali del dialetto istro-romeno. L’istro-romeno è una varietà romanza precedentemente poco studiata, parlata in Croazia, appartenente alla famiglia delle lingue romanze orientali, seriamente a rischio d’estinzione. Lo studio è basato su dati empirici che ho raccolto nel 2009 e nel 2010. Il Capitolo 1 offre una panoramica sull’istro- romeno oggi, con riferimenti alla comunità e alla identità linguistica. Nel Capitolo 2 vengono discusse proprietà che l’istro-romeno ha in comune con (oppure secondo le quali si differenzia dalle) lingue appartenenti alla Lega Linguistica Balcanica, guardando sistematicamente i dati delle tre altre varietà romanze orientali, per ragioni comparative. Nei Capitoli 3 e 4 vengono presentati dati originali riguardanti i sintagmi nominale e verbale in istro-romeno, secondo l’approccio generativista. Il Capitolo 5 offre una possibile strada per l’analisi comparativa con il romeno e/o il croato di un fenomeno sintattico specifico, ovvero la posizione degli elementi clitici. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Livija Fable, my main informant, who with great enthusiasm and patience answered all my questions until late at night. Her husband, Redento Fable, was of immense help in mediating the interaction between me and Livija (I am not a native speaker and knew just a few words in IR at the beginning). Special thanks to Livija’s sisters Nella and Vanda, and her nephew Goran for extra-sessions of data- collection. I would also like to thank Mauro and Robert Doričić from Žejane, they were the first ones to open the doors for me in establishing contacts with the community, and Zvjezdana Vrzic for having sent me the invitations to join community events. I am deeply endebted to Giuliana Giusti who first suggested me to focus on IR and has continuously assisted me in collecting and analyzing the data, and to both her and Guglielmo Cinque for believed in me and supported this research on Balkan syntax at the University of Venice. Giuliana has been “tutoring” me ever since I first arrived in Venice, in 2004, as an Erasmus student, all the way to the end of this life-chapter. No words are enough to express my gratitude for her support through these long years of good and bad times. Also, I must thank professors Anna Cardinaletti and Alessandra Giorgi, whose classes and seminars I have been attending throughout the years I spent at the Department of Language Sciences at Ca’ Foscari. My colleagues, PhD students and post-docs, with whom I shared the “Aula Dottorandi”, projects, hopes and worries for the future. In particular, I thank Marco Coniglio, for the inspiring collaboration that started as parallel to my own research, and which resulted in three co-authored papers. This research benefited from a six-months fellowship granted by the Research Council of Norway, Project n. 202810, “On the syntax of the Istro-Romanian dialect. A microcomparative view on Eastern Romance and Balkan Slavic.” The institution that hosted me was the Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics at the University of Tromsø. An immense thank you to professors Marit Westergaard, Tarald Taraldsen, Peter Svenonius, Gillian Ramchand, affiliates Antonio Fábregas and Thomas McFadden who have made my stay fruitful stay by attending their classes and seminars (spring semester 2011) and discussing my own work. Also, I would like thank all the doctoral students and post-docs with which not only we had challenging linguistic discussion, but also made gave a warm, welcoming touch to my stay at the North Pole. I would also like to thank the organizers of the 2010 LOT Conference at the University of Cyprus and Kleanthes Grohmann and Phoevos Panagiotidis where parts of what has become Chapter 3 of this dissertation were presented and later published in a collection of papers. Finally, non-linguistics friends who made Italy my home. Jacopo. Last but not least, my parents, who have been missing me for years. So many years, that they have lost hope for me to ever get geographically closer to them. On the contrary. Still, they have silently endured and openly supported me. Table of contents Abstract Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Istro-Romanian …………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1. Istro-Romanians: the community and the dialect 1 1.2. How to write Istro-Romanian 4 1.3. Theoretical interest 5 1.3.1. Some brief notes on Eastern Romance 5 1.3.2. The state of the art and the present contribution 5 1.4. Previous studies and resources 7 1.5. Data collection: informants and methodology 8 1.6. The approaches in the present study 9 Chapter 2. The Romance Balkans: Balkan Sprachbund properties extended to Istro- Romanian ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Is Balkan Comparative Syntax possible? 12 2.3. The Balkan Sprachbund 13 2.3.1 Goals of research on the Balkan Sprachbund 13 2.3.2. Balkan languages 14 2.3.3. Linguistic continuum: influences and changes 18 2.3.4. Establishing membership: the shared properties criterion 19 th 2.3.5. 20 century studies of Balkan properties 20 2.3.5.1. Sandfeld (1926/1930) 20 2.3.5.2. Schaller (1975) 21 2.3.5.3. Solta (1980) 22 2.3.5.4. Gołąb (1984) 22 2.3.5.5. Lindsted (2000) 23 2.3.5.6. Ad interim concluding remarks 24 2.4. The role of Balkan Romance 26 i 2.5. The shared properties of Romance Balkan languages: where does Istro- Romanian stand 28 2.5.1. Nominal Cases 28 2.5.1.1. Vocative case forms 29 2.5.1.2. Accusative case forms and markers 30 2.5.1.3. Dative/Genitive case forms and markers 31 2.5.2. Definite artiche 32 2.5.3. Pronominal clitics 34 2.5.4. Subjunctives 34 2.5.4.1. Complements of modal verbs 35 2.5.4.2. Complements of intentional verbs 36 2.5.4.3. Subjunctive constructions as sentential modifiers 37 2.5.5. Future tenses 40 2.5.6. Evidentials 41 2.6. Ad interim conclusions 43 Chapter 3. The Noun Phrase ………………………………………………………………….. 45 3.1. The noun 45 3.1.1. Gender and number 45 3.1.2. Noun classes 49 3.1.3. Nouns without argument structure. The R relation 52 3.2. The determiner 54 3.2.1. The articles 54 3.2.1.1. The indefinite article 54 3.2.1.2. The definite article: evolution, morphology and referential properties 56 3.2.1.3. The ‘pseudo-article’ 64 3.2.1.2.1. The status of čela /čå / čel’i /čåle 70 3.2.1.2.2. Possible analysis and open questions 72 3.2.2. The demonstratives (with and without N) 75 3.2.3. The possessives (with and without N) 77 3.3. The quantifier (with and without N) 81 ii 3.3.1. Quantifier Nouns 83 3.3.2. Quantifiers and Quantity adjectives 84 3.4. Noun modifiers 89 3.4.2. The order of Demonstrative, Possessive and Noun 90 3.4.3. The order of Possessive, Numeral and Noun 90 3.5. Adjectival modifiers 91 3.5.1. The position of the adjective 91 3.5.2. The comparative/superlative 96 3.5.3. The modifiers of the adjective 96 3.6. Ad interim conclusions 97 Chapter 4. The Verb Phrase ………………………………………………………………… 99 4.1. Classification of lexical verbs. Argument structure 99 4.1.1. Transitive, intransitive, unaccusative verbs 99 4.1.1.1. More on unaccusativity vs unergativity 104 4.1.2. Psychological verbs 107 4.1.2.1. Nominative Experiencer: piažę (1) 110 4.1.2.2. Dative Experiencer: piažę (2) 111 4.1.2.3. Dative Experiencer: piažę se 113 4.1.3. Reflexive verbs 114 4.1.4. Meteorological verbs 116 4.2. Changes to argument structure 116 4.2.1. The passive voice 116 4.2.2. The ‘se’ middle construction 117 4.2.3. Impersonal ‘se’ construction 117 4.3. Functional categories related to the verb 117 4.3.1. Modal verbs 118 4.3.2. Aspectual verbs 120 4.3.3. Auxiliary verbs 121 4.3.4. Tense and aspect 124 4.3.5. Negation 127 4.4. Ad interim conclusions 129 iii Chapter 5.