Entomology 101 Jason J. Dombroskie Manager, Cornell U. Insect Collection Coordinator, Insect Diagnostic Lab This material [email protected] can only be used for CCE MGV audiences. Outline • What is an insect? • Anatomy • Life cycles • Diversity • Major orders • Herbivory Corydalus cornutus Cornell U. Insect Collection • > 7 million specimens • ~200 000 species • worldwide coverage • http://cuic.entomology.cornell.edu/ • on facebook Insect Diagnostic Lab • ~700 IDs per year • 10-20 000 IDs for NYS Dept. Ag. & Markets • occasionally IDs can be made from a photo • mostly local, but some submissions worldwide • $25 fee • http://entomology.cornell.edu/IDL Arthropods Regier, et al. 2005 What is an insect? • 3 main body parts • 6 jointed legs • 1 pair of antennae • compound eyes • usually some sort of metamorphosis Booneacris glacialis Head • antennae • mouthparts • compound eyes • ocelli Monochamus scutellatus Popillia japonica Tetanocera sp. Antheraea polyphemus wikimedia commons labrum maxilla mandible labium Corydalus cornutus Polygonia progne Aedes sp. Hybomitra zonalis Monochamus notatus Aeshna canadensis Isoptera Darapsa myron Thorax • six legs • four wings or less • muscular Amateur Entomologists’ Society Entomologists’ Amateur Limenitis archippus Lethocerus americanus Zeugomantispa minuta Machimus sp. with Herpetogramma pertextalis wikimedia commons Tipula apicalis Cybister fimbriolatus Elasmucha lateralis Automeris io Abdomen • internal organs • genitalia • ovipositor Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Lauxania shewelli Merope tuber Adoxophyes sp. Anabrus simplex Bombus ternarius Megarhyssa atrata Growth • exoskeleton • body expands after moult, then hardens • each moult is called an instar • all moulting is done by the nymph or larva • adult insects do not moult, therefore do not grow • adult structures are present in the immatures as either pads or imaginal discs Acrididae Incomplete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis Breathing • spiracles, tiny holes on side of body • connect up to tracheae Smerinthus jamaicensis Insect Diversity • Over 1 million described species (>65% animal diversity) • 3-8 million species total • Well over 16 000 species in NY State Eucatocha ?barberi Bugs: Hemiptera • sucking mouthparts • Heteroptera – with hemelytra – beak with jointed sheath • “Homoptera” – both wings similar in texture – beak slender, unjointed Anthocoris melanocerus Banasa dimidiata Tibicen canicularis Macrosiphum sp. Beetles: Coleoptera • one of the big four, may be most diverse group • adults with elytra • diverse in form Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus Ontholestes cingulatus Pyractomena sp. Evodinus monticola Chrysomela scripta Flies: Diptera • single pair of wings • second pair modified to halteres • most diverse group in northern areas • diverse habits Ctenophora dorsalis Systoechus candidulus Eutreta sp. Aedes sp. Tabanus lineola group Moths & Butterflies: Lepidoptera • scaly wings • nearly all phytophagous as larvae • adults usually with proboscis, Prochoreutis inflatella feed on fluids • “Microlepidoptera” most diverse Antheraea polyphemus Synchlora aerata Satyrium acadicum ?Dejongia lobidactylus Ants, Bees, Wasps, & Sawflies: Hymenoptera • may be most diverse group, esp. parasitoids • “Symphyta” - sawflies – thick waist – caterpillar-like larvae, herbivores • Apocrita - others – wasp-waist – grub-like larvae, various foods Dolerus unicolor Diprion similis Augochlorposis metallica Diplolepis rosae Herbivore sign • external feeders – large herbivores – skeletonizers – sap feeders • shelter builders • mobile shelter builders • leafminers • galls • borers Neodiprion lecontei Oligiocentria lignicolor Nematus calais Blepharida rhois Melanoplus femurrubrum Bucculatrix canadensisella Pyrrhalta viburni Paraclemensia acerifoliella Caliroa sp. Corythuca cydoniae Aleyrodidae Aphrophoridae Coccus sp. Clepsis melaleucana Acrobasis rubrifasciella Malacosoma americanum Erynnis icelus Lilioceris lilii Cryptocephalinae Coleophora deauratella Psyche casta Cameraria sp. Dibolia borealis Phytomyza aquilegivora Metallus sp. Diastrophus sp. Rhabdophaga strobiloides Epiblema scudderiana Adelges ?lariciatus Bruchinae Papaipema leucostigma Tremex columba Cerambycidae.