Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Technology assessment of Ataturk dam and HEPP in Turkey Bal, R. Award date: 1994 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF ATATURK DAM AND HEPP in Turkey Rasit BAL ind.nr:325467 November, 1993 TU-Eindhoven Coord.:Dr. Lex Lemmens Preface The following study has been applied as a part of the Master of Science course 'Technological Development Sciences" at the Technica! University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands. This study is meant to get the "Master of Science" degree. I would like to thank Dr. L. Lemmens for his advice. Furthermore I would like to thank to the staff of the GAP Administration in Ankara and in Sanliurfa, especially to : M. Yildirir, M. Acikgoz, E. Alemdaroglu, C. Cevheri, Okan, R. Ozer, 0. Santay and ethers in Sanliurfa. Talks and discussions with them were very informative. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduetion 1 Chapter 2 Turkey . 4 2.1 History . 4 2.2 Economie development . 5 Chapter 3 Southeastern Anatolia Region . 8 3.1 Introduetion . 8 3.2 Geographical location and Climate . 9 3.3 Natural Resources . 11 3.4 Sanliurfa Province . 15 3.4.1 Society Description . 15 3.4.1.1 Kinship . 15 3.4.1.2 Religion . 16 3.4. 1.3 Politics . 18 3.4.1.4 Education . 19 3.4.1.5 Economics . 19 Chapter 4. Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) . 24 4. 1 Introduetion . 24 4.2 The Project . 25 4.2. 1 History . 25 4.2.2 The Project and the Region's development . 26 4.2.3 GAP Master Plan . 27 4.2.3. 1 Objectives and strategies of the Project . 28 4.3 The original GAP Projects . 32 4.4 Lower Firat project . 34 4.4.1 Ataturk Dam and HEPP . 35 4.4.1.1 Hydroelectric Power Plant . 36 4.4.1.2 lrrigation Schemes . 36 4.4.1.2.1 Sanliurfa Tunnels . 36 4.4.1.2.2 On-farm lrrigation Projects . 37 4.5 Definition and Beunding . 39 Chapter 5 Technology Assessment . 40 5.1 Introduetion . 40 5.2 Technology and Society . 40 5.3 Definition and Components of TA . 41 5.3. 1 Problem definition and Beunding . 42 5.3.2 Technology Description and Foracasting . 42 5.3.3 Social Description and terecasting . 43 5.3.4. Impact Assessment . 43 5.3.4. 1 Economie Impacts . 44 5.3.4.2 Social Impacts . 45 5.3.4.3 Environmental Impacts . 45 5.3.4.4 Politica! Impacts . 46 5.3.4.5 Technological Impacts . 46 5.4 Methad used in this study . 47 5.4.1 Evaluation Method: Multicriteria evaluation . 47 Chapter 6 Analysis of the project aims formulated in the Master Plan . 49 6.1 Introduetion . 49 6.2 General approach . 50 6.2.1 Development Problems . 50 6.2.2 Development Objectives . 52 6.2.3 Development Strategy . 52 6.3 Specified analysis . 53 6.3.1 Economie aims . 53 6.3.2 Social aims . 58 6.3.3 Politica! aims . 61 6.4 Genelusion . 63 Chapter 7 Analysis of the Impacts . 65 7.1 Introduetion . 65 7.2 Impact ldentification . 65 7.2.1 lmplementation period . 66 7.2.2 After construction . 66 7.2.2.1 Lake . 66 7.2.2.2 Water to lrrigate . 67 7 .2.2.3 Electric Energy . 69 7.3 Impact Analysis . 70 7 .3.1 Ou ring the implementation . 70 7.3.2 After construction . 75 7 .3.2. 1 Lake . 76 7.3.2.2 Water to lrrigate . 79 7.3.2.3 Electric Energy . 98 Chapter 8 Impact Evaluation ............................................ 100 8.1 Introduetion . 100 8.2 Evaluation Methad .................................... 100 8.3 Impact presentation . 101 8.3.1 Presentation . 102 8.3.1. 1 The aimed impacts ....................... 102 8.3.1.2 Impacts during implementation ............... 102 8.3.1.3 Impact after construction ................... 103 8.4 Evaluation . 106 8.4.1 Project aims .................................. 106 8.4.2 lmplementation period ........................... 106 8.4.3 After the implementation . 107 Chapter 9. Conclusions and Ramarks . 11 0 Raferences . 112 Chapter 1. Introduetion Since the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the main objective of each subsequent government was to develop Turkey toa modern country. During its development the country was divided into two economical parts. The western part of Turkey which is relatively well developed, and the eastern part which is legged behind and remained more or less traditional. Southeast Anatolia is a region which is situated in the eastern part of the county. During the sixties, a start has been made to develop the eastern part of the country. The Southeast Anatolia has many potantials to be exploited. Two biggest rivers (Firat and Dicle) of the country pass the region and stream into the neighbour countries. Beside this two big rivers, the region also have many potantials of arabie land. Thousands of year it was nat possible tobring this potential tagether in order to mobilize them for the region's people. During this long time, the agriculture of the region was traditional:dryfarming which is toa dependent on the climatologic conditions. lt has low yield, no erop rotations, erop per 2 years (fellow). These are the main characters of the agriculture of the region. On the ether hand the region is also nat industrialized. The region has no industry at all. To develop the region a project has been developed. The project has been called the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP). This project has been developed by DSI (Directorate of State Hydraulic Works). lt is a combination of 13 major projects primarily concerning irrigation and hydrapower generation. The project envisages the construction of 22 dams and 17 hydrapower plants on the Firat and the Dicle rivers and their tributaries. This project will provide enough water to irrigate 1.6 million hectare arabie land. Most favourite project of the GAP is the Lower Flrat Project. This project consist of many individual projects to irrigate an area of 7 hundred thousand hectare. These are: the Ataturk DAM and HEPP (Hydroelectric Power Plant), the Sanliurfa Tunnels that have a lengthof 26.4 kilometre, and many on-farm irrigation schemes to carry water trom the dam to the arabie land. At present Ataturk dam and HEPP are almast completed. In 1994, when the Sanliurfa Tunnels and on-farm irrigations schemes are completed, the irrigation will start in Sanliurfa-Harran Plains. On the ether hand, Ataturk HEPP have already been started with the production of the electric energy. Four generators of eight are already installed and operational. Such a giant project will be constructed in a more or less traditional society. The construction of this new project means that a new technology is going to be introduced in this society. lt is evident to foresee that the new technology will effect the socio-economie situation of the region. From the experience in past, a certain technology introduced in a context will cause many changes. Same of these changes are foreseen and intended, and some of these are nat indented andjor undesired. To identify these effects, a evaluation methad has been developed, mainly in the USA This evaluation methad is called Technology Assessment (TA). This methad has developed several techniques to identify, to analyze, and to 1 evaluate the impacts of a certain technology in a given socio-economie situation. This technique aims to identify the unexpected and undesired effects of the technology going to be introduced in order to minimize the negative effects of the technology. When this study was planned, the expectation was that in would be possible to have access to the most of technological.