What Works for Māori Synthesis of Selected Literature Les Williams & Fiona Cram, Katoa Ltd Prepared for the Department of Corrections, November 2012 Synthesis of Literature: What Works for Māori 2 Organisation Details Full legal name Katoa Ltd Postal address PO Box 105611 Auckland City Auckland 1143 Contact person Fiona Cram, PhD Email: [email protected] Mobile: 021 774 690 Website www.katoa.net.nz The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Alan Wilcox and Sheryl Davis who contributed some initial research and analysis to this assignment. Katoa Ltd, November 2012 Synthesis of Literature: What Works for Māori 3 Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 3 Economic Development .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Landcare Research ................................................................................................................................ 9 3.2 Te Puni Kōkiri Studies .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Lincoln University Studies ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Employment Related Studies ............................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Other Studies ........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.6 Insights from Māori Economic Development ........................................................................................ 19 4 Education ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Early Childhood Education ................................................................................................................... 22 4.2 The Schools Sector .............................................................................................................................. 22 4.3 The Tertiary Sector ............................................................................................................................... 27 4.4 Insights from Education ........................................................................................................................ 30 5 Health .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 5.1 Prevention and Promotion .................................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Screening ............................................................................................................................................. 35 5.3 Primary Care ........................................................................................................................................ 36 5.4 Secondary Care .................................................................................................................................... 38 5.5 Rehabilitation ........................................................................................................................................ 40 5.6 Insights from Health .............................................................................................................................. 40 6 Whānau and Wellness ................................................................................................................................... 42 6.1 Insights from Whānau and Wellness .................................................................................................... 48 7 Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 50 7.1 The Individual ....................................................................................................................................... 50 7.2 The Whānau, Hapū and Iwi .................................................................................................................. 50 7.3 The Wider Community .......................................................................................................................... 51 7.4 The Role of Māori Values and Kaupapa ............................................................................................... 51 7.5 Mentors and Leaders ............................................................................................................................ 53 7.6 Organisational Skill, Management Style and Levels of Self-determination ........................................... 53 7.7 Generators of Transformation ............................................................................................................... 54 7.8 Barriers and Challenges ....................................................................................................................... 54 7.9 Implications for Māori Programmes ...................................................................................................... 55 8 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 56 9 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................... 60 9.1 An Inventory of Māori Values ................................................................................................................ 60 9.1.1 Intervention elements in Kaupapa Māori 60 9.1.2 Principles that shape the Māori business ethic (Durie, 2002) 60 9.1.3 Other key values 61 9.2 Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................................ 66 9.3 Examples of What Works ..................................................................................................................... 68 9.3.1 Economic Development 68 9.3.2 Education 70 9.3.3 Health 72 9.3.4 Iwi, Hapū and Community Provider Initiatives 75 Katoa Ltd, November 2012 Synthesis of Literature: What Works for Māori 4 Katoa Ltd, November 2012 Synthesis of Literature: What Works for Māori 5 1 Executive Summary The purpose of this review was to study evidence from five major domains of endeavour to identify a common set of interventions, initiatives, approaches and practices that increases understanding of what helps Māori succeed or improve outcomes in life. The investigation concentrated on reviewing studies that produced evidence that contributed to this understanding. The domains of interest were economic development, education, health, whānau and wellness and the review covered a wide range of research evidence within each domain. The approach utilised a set of criteria to guide selection and analysis of literature and subjected the information and findings to a process of synthesis that was designed to identify the commonalities of success across the five domains. There were two stages of synthesis. One was at the end of the analysis of each domain and the other was an overall synthesis that informed the discussion and conclusions section. The findings emphasised the centrality of whānau (Māori family system) as a major influence on individual whānau members, and extending outward to hapū, iwi and particularly to community organisations. Most organisations reviewed recognised this importance and several studies demonstrated its enhancing effects. Associated with whānau effects was the importance of the Kaupapa Māori (by Māori, for Māori) approach to service provision and to understanding what works and how. This effect was also pervasive and was part of the varying contexts found across domains. The whānau and kaupapa effects underlined the positive effects of culture-based programmes, and the importance of relationships and restorative practices in schools and social service programmes. These effects were also part of the wider context of Māori self-determination through seeking more direct involvement in programmes affecting Māori. The evidence has shown particular success with Māori designed community programmes and there is further promise in establishing greater integration with mainstream organisations. The belief and value systems of Māori along with the associated principles and ethics of behaviour are intertwined with the whānau, kaupapa effects on community, service and other organisations. The research has highlighted the challenge of integrating this particular cultural approach with mainstream non-Māori organisations. In addition to gaining opportunities to express and practice these values as part of the process of serving Māori and realising Māori potential, there is the need to gain significantly more representation at governance and managerial levels so that representation of specific Māori conditions and needs are more clearly understood and