Interested in becoming a member of AUSA? Join online at: www.ausa.org/membership Profile of the United States Army is produced for you, and we value your opinion about its appearance and content. Please send any feedback (positive or negative) regarding this edition of Profile to Ellen Toner at: [email protected] Developed by AUSA’s Institute of Land Warfare RESEARCH AND WRITING EDITING Ellen Toner Sandra J. Daugherty GRAPHICS AND DESIGN TECHNICAL SUPPORT Kevin Irwin Master Print, Inc. Photographs courtesy of the United States Army and the Department of Defense. ©2016 by the Association of the United States Army. All rights reserved. Association of the United States Army Institute of Land Warfare 2425 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22201-3385 703-841-4300 • www.ausa.org CONTENTS F FOREWORD v 1 NATIONAL DEFENSE 1 2 LAND COMPONENT 9 3 ARMY ORGANIZATION 21 4 THE SOLDIER 31 5 THE UNIFORM 39 6 THE ARMY ON POINT 49 7 ARMY FAMILIES 55 8 ARMY COMMAND STRUCTURE 63 9 ARMY INSTALLATIONS 85 G GLOSSARY 93 M MAPS 95 III FOREWORD hroughout its 241 years, the United States has maintained its Army as the world’s most Tformidable fighting force. Under General George Washington, the Continental Army fought for the independence and rights of a fledgling nation. This first American Army— primarily made up of ordinary citizens with little or no warfighting experience—comprised Soldiers who held a zealous desire for independence. Their motivation for freedom ultimately led them to defeat the well-established and well-trained British army. This motivation and love for country are instilled in today’s Soldiers as they continue to fight for and defend freedom from oppression for all. The Army has evolved into an agile, dynamic force that is ready to respond quickly and decisively to eliminate threats, prevail on the battle- field and continue to protect the freedom it won more than two centuries ago. The Association of the United States Army’s (AUSA’s) Institute of Land Warfare (ILW) pub- lishes Profile of the United States Army as a guide to the Army. ILW has created Profile as a user-friendly reference book for people familiar with the Army and an easy-to-read introduc- tion for family members, civilian employees, contractors and future Soldiers. Profile describes the structure and priorities of today’s Army. This latest edition of Profile discusses the Army’s role in preserving the country’s security and national interests; it also describes the history behind the Army’s current organization. Profile contains pertinent information and helpful graphics on the Soldier, the uniform, the Army’s current operations, Army families and the Army’s command structure and installations. Fi- nally, Profile contains a glossary of military acronyms and also maps illustrating locations of current Army combat corps and divisions, current Army National Guard divisions and bri- gade combat teams and Army Reserve operational and functional commands. Profile is available on the AUSA website (http://www.ausa.org). A comprehensive weapons directory containing detailed information about Army weapon systems, published by AUSA’s ARMY magazine, is also available. The directory describes all of the Army’s weapon systems, including aircraft, artillery, tanks, individual equipment and state-of-the-art technologies used by Soldiers in the warfight. AUSA fully supports the Army—Regular Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve, Army civilians, Army veterans and retirees and the families and communities who stand behind them—as it faces its many challenges. Profile of the United States Army, an integral part of this support, serves as a guide to the history and organization of the Army. AUSA welcomes com- ments and suggestions on how to make future editions as useful and informative as possible. In publishing this book, AUSA and the Institute of Land Warfare seek to provide a greater understanding and appreciation of the men, women, families, institutions and organizations who strive to maintain the world’s greatest army. Carter F. Ham General, U.S. Army Retired 1 July 2016 President and CEO, AUSA V Vi PROFILE OF THE U.S. ARMY CHAPTER 1 NATIONAL DEFENSE CIVILIAN CONTROL America’s military has always been a product of the American community. Mili- tias, made up of farmers and tradesmen, were called to arms only when needed to meet their towns’ and villages’ security needs. The framers of the Constitution kept this in mind when they set up the U.S. government. Although states were allowed to maintain militias, the Constitution put “the common defense” of the nation in the hands of the federal government and placed that military authority wholly under the civilian control of the President and Congress. Civilian oversight of the U.S. military was further established in the chain of command, starting with the President as the Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces and descending through the Secretary of Defense to the secre- taries of the individual services and their under secretaries and assistant secre- taries. These individuals, appointed by the President and approved by Congress, direct the armed forces’ nonoperational activities and establish policies for their departments. The highest ranking military members in the U.S. government— the Joint Chiefs of Staff—serve only in advisory capacities on matters of military policy. In a departure from the way most nations used their armies as internal enforc- ers of the leaders’ will, America’s founding fathers created an armed force that serves the will of the people and ensures their freedoms without sacrificing their security. This significant difference between the U.S. military and the traditional role of armies is embodied in the oath American servicemembers recite upon enlisting or receiving their commissions (see chapter 4, “The Soldier”); rather than swearing to protect and serve a person or a country, the American service- member swears to support and defend a document—the U.S. Constitution. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY The Constitution gives Congress responsibility to provide for “the common de- fense and general welfare of the United States” and, in regard to military mat- ters, the following authority: • to declare war; • to raise and maintain armed forces; • to make rules for the government and regulation of the armed forces; • to organize, arm and discipline the militia; and • to “call forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.” The Constitution gives the President the role of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, including the militia “when called into the actual service of the United States.” The Constitution’s Third Amendment also covers the military by forbidding the quartering of Soldiers in any house in times of peace without consent of the owner “nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law,” which Con- gress would have to pass and the President would have to sign. NATIONAL DEFENSE 1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Secretary of Defense Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of the Army Secretary of the Navy Secretary of the Air Force The Joint Chiefs Office of the Office of the Office of the Office of the The Army Headquarters, The Air Secretary of Chief of Naval Secretary of Secretary of Staff Marine Corps Staff the Army Operations the Navy the Air Force The Joint Staff Unified Combatant Commands The Marine U.S. Africa Command The Army The Navy The Air Force Corps U.S. Central Command U.S. European Command U.S. Northern Command U.S. Pacific Command U.S. Southern Command U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Strategic Command U.S. Transportation Command Denotes relationship of information, not authority or responsibility. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE The Air Force’s role is to maintain control of airspace The military operational chain of command runs from and project aerial combat power wherever needed to the President through the Secretary of Defense to the deter or destroy adversarial forces. Aerospace forces commanders of the combatant commands down to unit support the Army through interdiction, airlift and close commanders. Only the President and the Secretary of air support. Defense have constitutional authority to order military The Coast Guard is part of the Department of Homeland action and intertheater troop movements. Security, but the Navy takes operational control in time The Secretary of Defense runs the Department of De- of war or when directed by the President. On an ongo- fense (DoD), headquartered in the Pentagon (often ing basis, the Coast Guard engages in maritime intercept operations and port and sea lane security. “Pentagon” and “DoD” are used interchangeably). DoD has the following components: MILITARY DEPARTMENTS • Office of the Secretary of Defense; The Army, Navy and Air Force have their own civilian • the Army, the Navy (including the Marine Corps), service secretaries (e.g., Secretary of the Army) who di- the Air Force and the National Guard Bureau; rect the nonoperational activities of their military depart- • the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS); ments. The chain of command runs from the President through the Secretary of Defense to the service secretary • unified combatant commands; and and then to the military chief of that service and down to • various defense agencies and DoD activities. that service’s major commands and agencies. The mili- tary departments carry out these key functions: MILITARY SERVICES • preparing forces and establishing reserves of person- The U.S. armed forces comprise the four military ser- nel, equipment and supplies; vices—the Army, the Navy (and, within the Navy, the Marine Corps), the Air Force and the U.S.