UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Aquinas and Later Scholastics on Willful Wrongdoing DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Philosophy by Ashley Dressel Dissertation Committee: Professor Bonnie Kent, Chair Professor Sean Greenberg Professor Casey Perin Professor Martin Schwab 2014 © 2014 Ashley Dressel DEDICATION To Matt For your boundless support and unconditional love. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii CURRICULUM VITAE viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION x INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Aquinas on Willful Wrongdoing and Vice 4 1. The Pursuit of Happiness and the Guise of the Good 8 2. Sinning from malitia 9 3. Clear-eyed Evil 14 4. Clear-eyed Evil and the Socratic Thesis 17 5. Corrupt States 22 6. Challenges for the Clear-eyed Evil Account of Vice 36 Conclusion 45 CHAPTER 2: Aquinas on Willful Wrongdoing in the Absence of Vice 46 1. Hope of Heaven and Fear of Hell 47 2. Despair, Presumption, and Clear-eyed Wrongdoing 53 3. Despair, Presumption and the Socratic Thesis 58 4. Despair as an Instance of Willful Wrongdoing 62 5. What Has Jerusalem to do with Athens? 74 Conclusion 75 CHAPTER 3: Error in the Intellect and Evil in the Will: Capreolus and Cajetan on 77 Willful Wrongdoing 1. 1277 78 2. John Capreolus: The Prince of the Thomists 82 i. Ultimate Particular Conscience 85 ii. Ignorance, Inconsiderationis, and Disordered Willing 91 iii. Prudence and malitia 95 3. Thomas Cajetan 97 i. Willful Wrongdoing and Comparative Particular Judgments 98 iii ii. Evil in the Will 103 Conclusion 111 CHAPTER 4: Suárez on the Moral Necessity of Ignorance in Evil 113 1. The State of the Texts 117 2. Suárez on Willful Wrongdoing 118 3. Suárez on the Socratic Thesis 123 4. Moral Necessity 132 Conclusion 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY 139 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Works by Aquinas In Iob Expositio super Iob ad Litteram (Commentary on Job) In NE Sententiae libri Ethicorum (Commentary on Aristotle's Ethics) In Sent. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum (Commentary on the Sentences) QDV Quaestiones de veritate (Disputed Questions on the Truth) QDVC Quaestiones de virtutibus in communi (Disputed Questions on Virtue) QDM Quaestiones disputatae de malo (Disputed Questions on Evil) ST Summa Theologiae Works by Suárez DA De Angelis (On the Angels) DFH De Fine Hominis (On the Human End) DM Disputationes Metaphysicae (Metaphysical Disputations) DS De Spe (On Hope) DVP De Vitiis et Peccatis (On Vices and Sins) Works by Other Authors EN Nichomachean Ethics DDT Defensiones Theologiae Divi Thomae Aquinatis (Capreolus) CST Commentaria in Summam Theologiae St Thomae (Cajetan) v General Abbreviations a. article ad. reply to an objection arg. argument c. around disp. disputation dist. distinction lib. book obj. objection q. question sect. section Citation Style References to Aquinas's works cite the abbreviation for the work (ST, for instance, for the Summa), the part of the work in which the reference is found (I-II, for example, refers to Aquinas's Prima Secundae), then the relevant question within that part of the work. Finally, if applicable, these references cite the numbers of both the relevant article within that question and reply to an objection within that article. References to Capreolus’s Defensiones follow a similar schema, citing the abbreviation for the work (DDT), the book under consideration, distinction number, and then the numbers corresponding to the relevant question and article. Since an article can be rather lengthy, citations also indicate the section within the article under consideration and, if applicable, a particular argument. Finally, I have included reference to the place each citation can be found in the Paban and Pègues edition of the text. The format for these citations is volume number, page number, then column (a or b). References to Cajetan’s work cite the abbreviation for the work (CST), the location of the reference within the Summa, and a Roman numeral indicating the section of Cajetan’s commentary as it appears in the Leonine edition. Finally, references to Suárez’s work cite the abbreviation for the work, as well as the relevant book, then chapter, then paragraph number within that work as noted in the Vivés edition. This citation is followed by reference to the place each citation can be found in the Vivés edition of Suárez’s Opera Omnia: volume, page number, and then column. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bonnie, my Doktormutter. Thank you for your guidance, mercy, and generous mentorship. I will miss our conversations and I anticipate that your work will always be the unattainable standard against which I measure my own. Thank you to Sean Greenberg, Casey Perin, and Martin Schwab for your feedback over the years, for the discussions that have helped me to think through this nest of issues, and for your continued support and guidance. I am indebted to those who, through workshops and conferences, aided in the development the first two chapters of this work. Special thanks are due to Calvin Normore and Owen Goldin for providing me opportunities to present my work. I would also like to thank John Carriero, Brian Copenhaver, Gavin Lawrence, Colleen McCluskey, and Richard Taylor for particularly insightful questions and remarks. I owe a great deal to Nathan Goetting, Mark Pestana, and Peggy Vandenberg. Your philosophical clarity, earnestness, and passion inspired me to take this journey. I have never regretted it. I am immensely grateful to those anonymous members of the academic community who painstakingly scan thousands of pages of arcane texts into free-use databases. Because of you, I will be able to do serious scholarly work no matter where my academic journey takes me. Thank you to my parents, Brian and Karen Comstock, who have always trusted me enough to encourage me to succeed doing what I love. Thank you, April, for ensuring I take breaks filled with bubbles, stories, laughter and fun. Finally, thank you, Matt, my partner and best friend, for your love, support, insight, and sacrifice. vii CURRICULUM VITAE Ashley Dressel EDUCATION University of California, Irvine Ph.D., Philosophy, July 2014 University of California, Irvine M.A., Philosophy (with Distinction), 2011 Grand Valley State University B.A., Philosophy, magna cum laude, Honors College, 2008 Dissertation: Aquinas and Later Scholastics on Willful Wrongdoing Committee: Bonnie Kent (chair), Sean Greenberg, Casey Perin, and Martin Schwab AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Medieval Philosophy; Early Modern Philosophy; History of Ethics AREAS OF COMPETENCE Ancient Philosophy; Ethics; Moral Psychology AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS (excludes travel grants) President's Dissertation Year Fellowship, University of California, 2013 Summer Dissertation Fellowship, University of California, Irvine, 2013 Kavka Prize in Philosophy, University of California, Irvine, 2012 Machette Foundation Award for Philosophy, University of California, Irvine, 2011 Abraham Melden Fellowship, University of California, Irvine 2008 Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, invited 2006 PUBLICATIONS 'Weakness and Willful Wrongdoing in Aquinas's De Malo', for The Cambridge Critical Guide to Aquinas' “On Evil” (co-authorship with Bonnie Kent; forthcoming) 'Aquinas on Evil and Sin', for the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (forthcoming) 'Directed Obligations and Deathbed Promises' in Ethical Theory and Moral Practice PRESENTATIONS May 2014 'A Road to Sin: Aquinas on Despair'; International Congress on Medieval Studies, St. Thomas Aquinas Society sponsored session, Kalamazoo, MI. April 2014 'Aquinas on Vice and Clear-eyed Evil'; UCLA History Workshop, Los Angeles, CA. June 2013 'How A Virtuous Person Might Come to Sin on Purpose: Aquinas on Willful Wrongdoing'; Marquette Summer Seminar on Aristotle and the Aristotelian Tradition, Milwaukee, WI. March 2013 Commentary on Joseph Anderson's 'Scotus on Omnipotence and the viii Disunity of the Sciences'; APA Pacific, San Francisco, CA. February 2013 'Sinning From “Malice”: Aquinas on Willful Wrongdoing'; MaRSA Annual Conference, Long Beach, CA. June 2011 'Agent-relative Norms and Aquinas's Natural Law'; Lumen Christi Institute Summer Seminar, Chicago, IL. TEACHING University of California, Irvine Teaching Associate (planned course, lectured, supervised TAs) Phil 5 Contemporary Moral Problems, Spring 2013 Phil 10 Ancient Philosophy, Summer 2012 Instructor (set syllabus, lectured, graded) WR 39C Argument and Research, Winter 2013 (theme: Urban Planning) WR 39B Critical Reading and Rhetoric, Fall 2012 (theme: Parody/Satire) WR 39B Critical Reading and Rhetoric, Winter 2011 (theme: Parody/Satire) Teaching Assistant Rel Std 5C Inter-religious Dialogue, Spring 2012 Phil 11 Medieval Philosophy, Winter 2011 Phil 5 Contemporary Moral Problems, Spring 2010 Phil 5 Contemporary Moral Problems, Fall 2009 Phil 4 Introduction to Ethics, Spring 2011 Phil 4 Introduction to Ethics, Winter 2010 Phil 1 Introduction to Philosophy, Fall 2010 Grand Valley State University Teaching Apprentice (responsible for study sessions and some class sessions) Introduction to Logic, Winter 2007 Modern Great Philosophers, Fall 2006 Muskegon Correctional Facility Instructor (responsible for all aspects of course design and execution) Intro to Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, Winter 2007 Modern Moral Philosophy, Fall 2006 SERVICE Conference Co-chair: “Gender: Equity, Equality, and Diversity”, October 2014 Chair for an Author-Meets-Critics session at the APA Pacific, April 2014 UCI Philosophy Department Graduate Student Mentor 2013-2014 UCI