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Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Saleh, Abdul Aziz All Rights Reserved DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philiosphy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University BY Abdul Aziz Saleh, B.A. and M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1986 Reading Committee: Will iam L. FI inn Joseph F. Donnermeyer Donald G.McCloud Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology © 1986 ABDUL AZIZ SALEH All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of persons made important and direct contributions to my coming to The Ohio State University, Columbus, and to the successful completion of my study. I am grateful to Mr. Mawardi Yunus, the Rector (President) of Andalas University for the period of 1976-1984, and to Dr. Nitza Arbi, the Director of Project Implementation Unit of the World Bank IX Project of Andalas University for granting me to be a recipient of the scholarship. I am also grateful to Mr. Firdaus Rivai, a colleague and the Vice Rector on Academic Matters of Andalas University, for his fa c ilita tio n , understanding, and encouragement. My gratitude must also go to Dr. S. Pramutadi, the Director of Academic Affairs of the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia, and to Dr. Indro Suwandi, the Director in charge of the 1984 SIPENMARU data for their approval and facilitation to the access of the SIPENMARU data to be used in this study. My gratitude must also go the Ford Foundation of Southeast Asia Regional Office, especially to Dr. Tom G. Kessinger and Dr. Mary Zurbuchen for awarding me a sufficient fund for the data collection of this study. At The Ohio State University, my gratitude and deepest appreciation must go to Dr. William L. Flinn and Dr. David 0. Hansen, my advisors. My study including this work would have never been completed without the intellecutal challenge and guidance, unwavering support and encouragement, and extraordinary patience of them. I am also grateful to Dr. Joseph F. Donnemeyer who gave his time to critically review the manuscript and made helpful suggestions. I also highly appreciate suggestions and help from Dr. R. William Liddle, Dr. Terrance Bigalke, and Dr. Donald G. McCloud, especially for chapters I and II. My appreciation should also be extended to Mr. John Thompson who spent his time to help and consult with me in dealing with the computer and statistic al works. My gratitude also goes to Mr. Donald R. Walker and Mrs. Dorothy Shanfeld who patiently helped me in typing this work through the word processor. Above of a ll, I am very grateful to my wife, Ratna, and my children, Reno, Pinto, Ranti, Nila, and Desi for their sacrifice, unfaltering support and encouragement that made my study possible. My father and mother, as well as my sisters and brothers have always been sources of support and inspiration for me in pursuing my professional career. VITA Name : Abdul Aziz Saleh March 31, 1935 : Born, Batusangkar, West Sumatra, Indonesia. 1951 : Graduated, Junior High School, Batusangkar, West Sumatra, Indonesia. 1954 : Graduated, Senior Vocational High School, Teachers Education, Padangpanjang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. 1954-1958 : Teacher, Junior Vocational High School of Economics, Payakumbuh (West Sumatra), and Bandung (West Java), Indonesia. 1958-1961 : Student, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. 1959-1961, Chairman of History Student Association. 1961, Graduated, Bachelor Degree (B.A.), Cultural Hi story. 1961-1964 : Teaching Associate (TA) and graduate student, Padjadjaran University and Institute for Teacher Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. 1964, Graduated, Drs. Degree (equivalent to M.A. Degree), History (sociological). 1964-1974 : Lecturer, Lambung Mangkurat University, and Institute for Teacher Traifning, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 1965-1966, Chairman of the Department of Cultural History. 1966-1967, Deputy of Dean Coordinator. iv 1968-1971 , Vice Dean of the Faculty of Social Studies. 1971-1974, Vice Chairman of the National Committee for Sport, Banjarmasin Branch, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 1975-1975 : Non-degree Post Graduate student, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 1975, Chairman of Indonesian Student Association. 1975, Representative of Overseas Students at the Faculty Senate. 1975, Post Graduate C ertificate, in Educational Planning and Management. 1976-1979 : Senior Lecturer, Lambung Mangkurat University, and Achmad Yani University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 1976-1977, Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Achmad Yani University. 1976-1979, Vice Chairman of the University Planning Board, Lambung Mangkurat University. 1976-1979, Head Editor of bimonthly publication, Vidya Karya, Lambung Mangkurat University. 1976-1979, Chairman of the National Committee for Sport, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 1977-1979, A team member of the National Core Trainers for Social Studies, and Social Studies Curriculum, at the National Level, Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. 1977-1979, Rector of Achmad Yani University. 1979-1980 : Graduate student, Fullbright-Hays Grant, The Ohio State University, Athens, Ohio, USA. 1979-1980, Chairman of Indonesian Student Association. 1980-1981 : Senior Lecturer, Lambung Mangkurat University, and Achmad Yani University, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. 1980-1981, Rector of Achmad Yani University. 1981-1982 : Senior Lecturer, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. 1981, A team member of the Preparation Committee for the Establishment of the Faculty of Social v Sciences, Andalas University. 1981-1982, Dean of the Faculty of Literature and Social Sciences, Andalas University. 1983- : Doctorate student, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1983, Chairman of Indonesian Student Association. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. i 1 VITA ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ xii MAP OF INDONESIA ........................................................................................... xiii I. INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 The Problem and Its SocialSetting ............................................ 2 The Significance and Limitationsof this Study ............. 11 II. EDUCATION IN INDONESIA ........................................................................... 14 History of Modern Indonesian Education ............................... 14 The Educational System .................................................................... 24 Primary Education ............................................................................... 26 Secondary Education ........................................................................... 34 Higher Education .................................................................................. 38 State Universities ...................................................................... 39 Private Universities .................... 45 III. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY .............................................................. 49 Research on Indonesian Education ............................................. 50 Research on the S tratification Process in Western Society .......................................................................