Norse Monstrosities in the Monstrous World of J.R.R. Tolkien Robin Veenman BA Thesis Tilburg University 18/06/2019 Supervisor: David Janssens Second reader: Sander Bax Abstract The work of J.R.R. Tolkien appears to resemble various aspects from Norse mythology and the Norse sagas. While many have researched these resemblances, few have done so specifically on the dark side of Tolkien’s work. Since Tolkien himself was fascinated with the dark side of literature and was of the opinion that monsters served an essential role within a story, I argue that both the monsters and Tolkien’s attraction to Norse mythology and sagas are essential phenomena within his work. Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 4 Chapter one: Tolkien’s Fascination with Norse mythology 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 Humphrey Carpenter: Tolkien’s Biographer 8 1.3 Concrete Examples From Jakobsson and Shippey 9 1.4 St. Clair: an Overview 10 1.5 Kuseela’s Theory on Gandalf 11 1.6 Chapter Overview 12 Chapter two: The monsters Compared: Midgard vs Middle-earth 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Dragons 15 2.3 Dwarves 19 2.4 Orcs 23 2.5 Wargs 28 2.6 Wights 30 2.7 Trolls 34 2.8 Chapter Conclusion 38 Chapter three: The Meaning of Monsters 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 The Dark Side of Literature 42 3.3 A Horrifically Human Fascination 43 3.4 Demonstrare: the Applicability of Monsters 49 3.5 Chapter Conclusion 53 Chapter four: The 20th Century and the Northern Warrior-Ethos in Middle-earth 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 An Author of His Century 57 4.3 Norse Warrior-Ethos 60 4.4 Chapter Conclusion 63 Discussion 65 Conclusion 68 Bibliography 71 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost I have to thank the person who is evidently at the start of most thesis acknowledgements -for I could not have done this without him-: my supervisor. Thank you for your relentless efforts and everlasting patience with my numerous questions. Not only during the time that you were supervising my thesis, but throughout my entire time at Tilburg University. You have been an inspiration of mine and an excellent teacher. The person that follows the closest in my gratitude and to whom I own an immense ‘thank you’, is my Mother. For introducing me to -and exciting me for– Tolkien, but also for helping me develop my thoughts and opinions about the things that I write. Had it not been for your awe-inspiring enthusiasm for not only Tolkien, but for literature in general, I might not have gone into this direction. However, I am very happy that I did. My biggest supporter -not only during this period of isolation in order to finish my thesis but throughout life- is my Dad, whom I would also like to thank. Thank you Dad, for being proud of me literally no matter what and calling me on a regular basis just to tell me to ‘stay calm’. I also want to thank my Mosquitos and my other friends -the most genuine and wonderful people to walk this planet- for letting me go on a rant about life in the library when I needed to and just for being in my life. Last but not least I want to thank my partner, for literally everything he does. Thank you for all the flights, the move, the unconditional support, the encouragement, the discussions that inspire me immensely, the laughter, the coffees, the late nights and the early mornings. You challenge me, and have been my number one inspiration to write this thesis as best as I possibly could. Hopefully you will all enjoy the read. Thank you. 3 Introduction In 1966, roughly ten years after the final book of the Lord of the Rings trilogy was published, an essay titled "The Shire, Mordor, and Minas Tirith" was released. In this article, the writer Charles Moorman made the following statement: "The greatest single influence upon Tolkien is the Eddas and sagas of the North" (Moorman as quoted in St. Clair, p.1). Other critics and scholars made similar arguments that Tolkien’s creation of Middle-earth was based on -or at least inspired by- the stories from Norse mythology and the sagas of the North. For example, the Elves and Dwarves from Middle-earth seem to have been largely inspired by the Elves and Dwarves from Norse mythology. Gandalf has been compared to Odin and the outline and layering of Tolkien’s stories and poems have been compared to that of the Poetic Edda (Kuseela, p.30). However, for many readers the astonishing beauty of the Elven realms or the remarkable Undying Lands of Valinor belong to the very attractive features associated with Tolkien’s work. Evidently, these features have provided a bottomless source of inspiration for many works, both scholarly and artistic. However, the darker side of Tolkien’s world, materialized by the monsters, is almost as frequently neglected (Benvenuto, Mirror, p.5). Yet, it is the dark side of Middle-earth that is the most intriguing in my opinion, just like the dark side of literature was in Tolkien’s. Mention has been made frequently of monsters in Tolkien studies, yet almost always briefly in essays regarding Tolkien and old Norse sources in general. Whenever they are mentioned, it usually concerns one or two monsters and the general meaning of their presence is hardly ever discussed. For example, Ármann Jakobsson analysed how the encounter between Bilbo and Smaug in The Hobbit resembles that of the old Norse poem Fáfnismál. He comes to the conclusion that not only the Dragons in the two stories are very similar, but that also their means of communication are very akin (Jakobsson, Dragon, p.30). Although his essay is unquestionably interesting and also 4 quite elaborate, it only concerns one monster and focuses more on the direct similarities between the Tolkienian and the Norse Dragon than on their actual meaning. Therefore I set out to do both in this thesis. For especially in a thesis on Tolkien, the dark side of the narrative and its embodiment: the monsters, are very important. This is because he himself argued that what separates Beowulf from other old English poems and makes it such a “masterpiece”, according to him, is that we as humans are fascinated by the ogres and the Dragons, that we derive pleasure from reading about such “unfashionable creatures” (Critics, p.6). In the same lecture, he continues to argue why the presence of monsters is important. He for example said that: “It is just because the main foes in Beowulf are inhuman that the story is larger and more significant” (Critics, p.14). And although I shall not discuss this now, the question of why we need monsters in our stories will be answered later on. Since the resemblance between Tolkienian and Norse mythology is undeniable in some aspects and since monsters are at the center both of his critical work on Beowulf and of his own work, I argue that both the monsters and Tolkien’s attraction to Norse mythology and the sagas are essential aspects in his work. Hence, the main question that I set out to answer in this thesis is: how are Tolkien’s monsters inspired by Norse sources and what do these monsters mean? In order to answer the aforementioned questions, I primarily set out a compact overview of similarities that scholars before me have found between Tolkien and the old Norse sources. Subsequently I provide a representative overview of Tolkienian monsters that can trace their roots to the stories of Norse mythology. Afterwards I attempt to illustrate as clearly as possible what the monsters actually mean, both in general and to Tolkien, which purpose they serve in literature, and in which manner Tolkien makes use of them. I do not only elaborate on the meaning of monsters, I also touch upon the notion of fear and horror within Tolkien’s work. 5 Answering my research question also gave rise to some other questions regarding the struggle between good and evil in Tolkien’s work. Since Tolkien’s own experience of fighting in World War I might have influenced the ‘warrior-ethos’ he attributes to some of the characters in his work, I have devoted a final chapter to those aspects as well. In conclusion, I will review the content of my thesis, as I try to get to the bottom of what my results essentially mean. 6 1. Tolkien’s Fascination with Norse Mythology 1.1 Introduction As I previously stated, many scholars have researched the influence of Norse mythology on Tolkien’s own mythology. However, not only the influence of Norse mythology has been researched, but also that of Greek and German mythology. Due to the fact that Tolkien was a devout Christian, the influence of Christianity has also come up, and the epic poem Beowulf as well. However, as shall become apparent in this chapter, Norse mythology seems to have taken the lead in influencing Tolkien’s mind. For he occupied himself with the mythology and sagas from the North ever since he could read, an interest which continued while he matured. It is for this reason that I have limited myself to the Norse influences on Tolkien’s work. Therefore, I shall primarily touch upon some of the findings that previous research on this topic has come to, to provide the reader with some background. Before I start with my overview of findings from previous research, I shall provide a small introduction to the Norse sources that will be discussed within this thesis.