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Reclaiming an Australian language The high-quality paperback edition of this book is available for purchase online: https://shop.adelaide.edu.au/ Published in Adelaide by University of Adelaide Press The University of Adelaide Level 14, 115 Grenfell Street South Australia 5005 [email protected] www.adelaide.edu.au/press The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide. It aims to maximise access to the University’s best research by publishing works through the internet as free downloads and for sale as high quality printed volumes. © 2016 Rob Amery This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This licence allows for the copying, distribution, display and performance of this work for non-commercial purposes providing the work is clearly attributed to the copyright holders. Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address. For the full Cataloguing-in-Publication data please contact the National Library of Australia: [email protected]. au ISBN (paperback) 978-1-925261-24-0 ISBN (ebook) 978-1-925261-25-7 Book design: Rob Amery Project coordinator: Julia Keller Cover design: Emma Spoehr Cover image: © 2016 Katrina Karlapina Power, used with permission Paperback printed by Griffin Press, South Australia Table of Contents Table of Contents v Maps, Plates, Graphs and Tables viii Preface to this Edition (2016) x Revised Kaurna Spelling xii Additional References xiv Foreword to the 2000 Edition xix Preface to the 2000 Edition xxii Acknowledgements xxiii Abbreviations xxx Conventions and Terminology xxxii Chapter 1: Locating the Study 1 Who are the Kaurna? 3 Kaurna territory 4 Kaurna neighbours 5 Kaurna people today 7 A Kaurna linguistic and cultural renaissance 11 The relationship between Kaurna and Nunga English 13 Prospects for the revival of Kaurna 16 Chapter 2: Language Reclamation 19 Language reclamation: preliminaries 19 'Dead' or 'sleeping' languages? Terminology does matter 20 Revival of a 'dead' language: is it really possible? 23 What do we need as a basis for reviving a language? 24 What is being revived? 27 Natural vs. artificial languages 28 Language reclamation: the method 31 Assembling the language sources 32 Archival research 33 Philology and comparative/historical linguistics 34 Language typology and language universals 36 Language modernisation 37 vi Warraparna Kaurna! Chapter 3: An Ecological Approach to Language Revival 41 Language ecology 41 On the nature of language 45 Communicative vs. symbolic functions of language 47 Esoteric vs. exoteric languages 49 Language as cultural artefact 50 Language planning issues 52 Chapter 4: A Sociolinguistic History of Kaurna 56 First contacts 57 Invasion of Kaurna lands: colonisation, 1836 61 Christianising and 'civilising' 64 The German missionaries 65 Decline of the Kaurna and loss of the Kaurna language 73 Surviving the 'dark ages' 78 Chapter 5: Kaurna Sources 85 The sources 86 Language contact and contact languages 104 Recent compilations of Kaurna material used as resources 104 Grammar 106 Kaurna texts 110 Kaurna Dreaming stories 113 Kaurna songs 118 Chapter 6: Restoring and Transforming the Kaurna Language 128 Recovering the sounds of Kaurna 129 Restoring the lexicon 137 Lexical semantics 143 Grammar and syntax 146 Variation 151 Recapturing the genius of the language 152 The reintroduction of aspects of traditional culture 155 Kaurna in the twenty-first century 156 Authenticity and integrity 162 Development of Kaurna language materials 166 Summary and conclusions 168 Chapter 7: Kaurna Language Programs 172 Precursors of Kaurna programs in the education sector 172 Language ecology in the education sector 174 Kaurna language programs 180 Teacher training and in-service 183 Curriculum development 183 Approaches and methods 187 Table of Contents vii Evaluation 193 Chapter 8: Kaurna in Society 203 Names and naming 203 The public function of Kaurna 210 Cultural tourism 221 Language use within the Kaurna community 228 Summary and discussion 230 Chapter 9: Kaurna Language Revival: The Formulaic Method 234 A revival of Kaurna as a spoken language? 234 Approaches to language revival 235 The Formulaic Method 237 Introducing the language into the Kaurna community 241 'Artificial pidgins' and Ngarrindjeri 'language renewal' 245 The relationship between minority and majority languages 247 Chapter 10: Sociopolitical Dimensions of Kaurna Language Revival 250 The construction and reconstruction of identity 255 The struggle for recognition, empowerment and reconciliation 261 The sociopolitical backdrop for Kaurna language revival 262 Whose language is it? Ownership and copyright issues 266 The role of linguistics 272 Chapter 11: Into the Twenty-first Century: Developments since 2000 280 Kaurna sources 281 Restoring and transforming the Kaurna language 282 Revised Kaurna Spelling (2010) 283 Kaurna language programs 285 Kaurna in society 286 Kaurna on the web 287 Media coverage 288 International profile 289 Sociopolitical dimensions of Kaurna language revival 291 Chapter 12: Summary and Conclusions 295 Bibliography 307 Index 338 viii Warraparna Kaurna! Maps, Plates, Graphs and Tables List of Maps Map I: Kaurna Native Title claim xxvi Map II: Kaurna territory and neighbouring languages xxvii Map III: Thura-Yura languages xxviii Map IV: Main localities referred to on the Adelaide Plains xxix Map 7.1 Location of Kaurna language programs, 1990-1997 180 Map 8.1: Prominent Kaurna names appearing on current maps 204 Map 8.2: Kaurna sites of cultural significance in the metropolitan area 223 List of Plates (between pp. 202 and 203) Plate 1: Clamor Schürmann Plate 2: Christian Teichelmann Plate 3: Kadlitpinna 'Captain Jack' Plate 4: Ivaritji (Amelia Taylor) Plate 5: The Kuri (RS Kurdi) and Palti Plate 6: A page from Kartanya's copybook, 1840 Plate 7: Letter written by Pitpauwe, 1843 Plate 8: Letter written by Wailtyi, 1843 Plate 9: Group Letter written to Gawler (penned by Itya Maii), 1841 Plate 10: Ten Commandments and Gawler's speech, 1840 Plate 11: Lewis O'Brien and Georgina Williams KL&LE launch Plate 12: Nelson (Snooky) Varcoe teaching Kaurna at KPS, 1992 Plate 13: Dr Alitya Wallara Rigney at KL&LE launch, 1997 Plate 14: Cherie Warrara Watkins, steps of Parliament House, 1996 Plate 15: Alma Ridgway and Vicki Hartman, 1996 Plate 16: First Kaurna workshop, KPS, 1990 Plate 17: Nola Foster and children out the front of KPS Plate 18: Tauondi students on excursion Plate 19: Julie Hodgkinson and children at KPS Plate 20: Nelson Varcoe and PWAC singers, 1995 Plate 21: Kevin Duigan, Cherie Watkins and KPS children, 1997 Plate 22: Singing group in Tarntanyangga (Victoria Square) Plate 23: Smoking ceremony at PWAC Plate 24: Kevin Duigan and KPS children, 26 May 1999 Plate 25: Nelson Varcoe at Journey of Healing, 26 May 1999 Plate 26: Lester Irabinna Rigney, 26 May 1999 Plate 27: Kaurna Radio Shows team, 2010 Plate 28: CKLR team Plate 29: Kaurna media team (Steve and Taylor) on location at Brighton Plate 30: Jack Kanya Buckskin and daughter Mahleah Kudlyu Plate 31: KWP members, 4 December 2014 Table of Contents ix Plate 32: Signing of MoU between KWP and the University of Adelaide, 2013 Plate 33: Return of Kaurna letters from Germany Plate 34: Kaurna TAFE Certificate III course, 2012 Plate 35: TAFE Certificate III graduates, December 2013 Plate 36: University of Adelaide Kaurna Summer School excursion, Warriparinga, January 2013 Plate 37: Steve Gadlabarti Goldsmith at Kaurna Learner's Guide launch, Tandanya, December 2013 Plate 38: Jack Kanya Buckskin and Kuma Kaaru dance troupe Plate 39: Kaurna street signs Plate 40: Kaurna Coast public artwork Plate 41: Tindo solar bus Plate 42: Kaurna graffiti art under Southern Expressway List of Graphs Graph 7.1: Enrolments and graduates of Tauondi Kaurna course, 1993-1997 197 Graph 8.1: Kaurna speeches in public, 1991-1997 211 Graph 8.2: Number of individuals giving Kaurna speeches in a given year 213 Graph 8.3: Performance of Kaurna songs in public, 1992-1997 215 List of Tables Table 5.1: 'Traditional' Kaurna songs 121 Table 5.2: Kaurna hymns written in the early 1840s 123 Table 5.3: Kaurna sources making an original contribution 126 Table 5.4: Secondary Kaurna sources 127 Table 6.1: Kaurna consonants 130 Table 6.2: Nukunu consonant system 131 Table 6.3: Some variant spellings in T&S 132 Table 6.4: Borrowings from Aboriginal languages, 1990-1997 138 Table 6.5: Prominent lexical gaps in Kaurna fauna terminology 141 Table 6.6: Gaps in the fauna domain addressed so far 142 Table 6.7: Examples of Kaurna neologisms developed in the 1990s 159 Table 7.1: Kaurna language programs: a chronology 181 Table 11.1: KWP Projects funded by Commonwealth Government Grants (2005-2015) 292 Preface to this Edition (2016) This book, Warraparna Kaurna!, is a revised paperback edition and ebook of the hardcover book Warrabarna Kaurna! originally published in Lisse, The Netherlands, in 2000. It is the chronicle of the early stages of the revival of a language that ceased to be spoken many years ago.