Zoologi – om dyr og dyreliv 8Halvor Aarnes 2003. S.E. & O. Rev. 23-02-2005. Innholdsfortegnelse Zoologi og fylogeni ......................................................... 4 Rike Urdyr (Protozoa)/ Protister (Protista) ..................................... 6 Rekke Flimmerdyr/ciliater (Ciliophora) ...................................... 7 Rekke Dinoflagellater (Dinoflagellata) ...................................... 9 Rekke Sporozooer/sporedyr (Sporozoa, Apicomplexa) ........................ 9 Klasse Sporozoa ......................................................... 10 Underklasse Gregariner (Gregarina) ...................................... 10 Underklasse Coccidia ................................................... 10 Orden Hemosporider (Haemosporidia) .................................. 11 Underklasse Spiroplasmea ............................................... 12 Rekke Amøber (Rhizopoda) ................................................ 12 Rekke Cellulære slimsopp (Acrasiomycota) .................................. 13 Rekke Plasmodiale slimsopp (Myxomycota) .................................. 13 Rekke Zooflagellater (Zoomastigina, Mastigophora) ........................... 14 Orden Kinetoplastida .................................................. 14 Orden Trichomonadida/Axostylata ...................................... 15 Orden Diplomonadida ................................................. 15 Orden Retortamonadida ............................................... 15 Rekke Foraminiferer (Foraminifera) ......................................... 16 Rekke Soldyr (Heliozoa/ Actinosphaerium .................................... 16 Rekke Labyrinthomorpha .................................................. 16 Rekke Myxozoa .......................................................... 17 Rekke Microspora ........................................................ 17 Rekke Euglenoider (Euglenophyta) ......................................... 17 Rekke Diatoméer (Bacillariophyta) .......................................... 18 Rekke Eggsporesopp (Oomycota) .......................................... 18 Orden Cnidosporidia .................................................. 18 Orden Myxosporidia ................................................... 19 Orden Microsporidia .................................................. 19 Rekke Brunalger (Phaeophyta) ............................................. 19 Rekke Gullalger (Chrysophyta) ............................................. 19 Rekke Rødalger (Rhodophyta) ............................................. 20 Rekke Grønnalger (Chlorophyta) ........................................... 20 Rekke Choanoflagellata ................................................... 20 Rike Animalia ............................................................ 20 Embryoutvikling ........................................................ 21 Zygote, kløyving, blastula og gastrula...................................... 22 1 HOX-gener ............................................................ 23 Fylogenetisk tre ........................................................ 24 Dyregrupper inndelt etter kroppshulrom .................................... 26 Celler, vev og organer ................................................... 28 Histologi (vevslære) ..................................................... 28 Rekke Svamper (Porifera) ................................................. 34 Klasse Kalksvamper (Calcarea/ Calcispongiae) ............................. 36 Klasse Kisel- og hornsvamper (Demospongiae) ............................. 36 Klasse Korallsvamper (Sclerospongiae) ................................... 36 Rekke Huldyr/nesledyr (Cnidaria, Coelenterata) .............................. 37 Klasse Hydrozoer/småmaneter (Hydrozoa) ................................. 38 Orden Hydroider (Hydroidea) ........................................... 39 Orden Hydrocorallina .................................................. 40 Orden Trachylina ..................................................... 40 Orden Kolonimaneter/Blæremaneter (Siphonophora) ...................... 40 Klasse Stormaneter (Scyphozoa) ......................................... 40 Orden Begermaneter/stilkmaneter (Stauromedusae/Lucernariidae) .......... 41 Orden Skivemaneter (Semaeostomeae) ................................. 41 Orden Lungemaneter (Rhizostomeae) ................................... 41 Orden Ringmaneter (Coronatae) ........................................ 41 Klasse Kubemaneter (Cubozoa) .......................................... 42 Klasse Koralldyr (Anthozoa) .............................................. 42 Orden Lærkoraller/bløtkoraller (Alcyonaria) ............................... 43 Orden Orgelkoraller (Stolonifera) ....................................... 43 Orden Sjøtrær/hornkoraller/gorgonier (Gorgonacea) ....................... 43 Orden Sjøfjær (Pennatulacea/Pennatullacida) ............................ 43 Orden Blåkoraller (Coenothecalia) ...................................... 43 Orden Sjøanemoner/sjøroser (Actinaria) ................................. 43 Orden Steinkoraller (Madreporaria) ..................................... 44 Orden Kolonisjørose (Zoantharia) ....................................... 44 Orden Sylindersjøroser/Ormekoraller (Ceriantharia) ....................... 44 Orden Svartkoraller (Anthipatharia) ..................................... 44 Orden Corallimorpharia ................................................ 45 Rekke Ribbemaneter (Ctenophora) ......................................... 45 Underklasse Tentaculata ................................................ 45 Overrekke Aceolemater(Acoelemaria) ....................................... 46 Rekke Mesozoa .......................................................... 46 Klasse Rhombozoa/Dicyemida ........................................... 46 Klasse Orthonectida .................................................... 46 Rekke Placozoa ........................................................ 46 Protostome Bilateria/Lophotrochozoa ........................................ 47 Rekke Flatormer (Platyhelminthes) .......................................... 47 Klasse Flimmermark/flimmerormer (Turbellaria) ............................. 48 2 Klasse Ikter/trematoder (Trematoda) ...................................... 49 Underklasse Digene ikter (Digenea) ....................................... 49 Klasse Monogene ikter/haptormark (Monogenea) ........................... 51 Klasse Bendelorm (Cestodaria/Cestoda) ................................... 52 Rekke Slimormer/Nemertiner (Rhynchocoela/ Nemertina/Nemertea) ............ 54 Klasse Anopla .......................................................... 55 Klasse Enopla .......................................................... 55 Rekke Kjeveormer (Gnathostomulida) ....................................... 55 Ovverrekke Psuedocoelemater (Pseudocoelomata) ........................... 55 Rekke Krassere (Acanthocephala) .......................................... 56 Rekke Hårormer/taglormer (Nematomorpha) ................................. 57 Rekke Hjuldyr/rotatorier (Rotifera/Rotatoria) .................................. 57 Rekke Bukhåringer/Gastrotricher (Gastrotricha) ............................... 58 Rekke Kinorhyncher (Kinorhyncha/Echinodera) ............................... 59 Rekke Entoprokter (Kamptozoa/Entoprocta) .................................. 59 Rekke Priapulider (Priapuloidea/Priapula) .................................... 59 Rekke Loricifera .......................................................... 60 Overrekke Coelomate dyr (Coelomata/Eucoelemaria) ......................... 60 Rekke Skjeggormer/pogonoforer (Pogonophora) .............................. 60 Rekke Krokbærende pølseormer/echiurider (Echiuroidea/Echiura) .............. 61 Rekke Børsteløse pølseormer/sipunkulider (Sipunculoidea/Sipuncula) ........... 62 Klasse Linguatulider/tungeormer (Linguatilida; Pentastomida) ................ 62 Klasse Fløyelsesormer (Onychophora) .................................... 62 Klasse Tardigrader/bjørnedyr/tregkrypere (Tardigrada) (gr. tardus - sakte; gradus - steg/trinn). ............................................................. 63 Rekke Lophoforater (Lophophorata, Tentaculata) ............................. 63 Klasse Phoronider/hestskoormer (Phoronida) .............................. 63 Rekke Mosdyr (Bryozoa/Ectoprocta/Polyzoa) ................................. 64 Klasse Brachiopoder/armføttinger (Brachiopoda) ............................ 65 Rekke Bløtdyr/mollusker (Mollusca) ......................................... 65 Klasse Skallus/leddsnegler (Polyplacophora) ............................... 67 Klasse Caudofoveata ................................................... 68 Klasse Ormbløtdyr (Aplachophora/ Solenogastres) .......................... 68 Klasse Urbløtdyr (Monoplacophora) ....................................... 68 Klasse Snegler/gastropoder (Gastropoda) ................................. 68 Underklasse Bakgjellesnegler (Opisthobranchia) ............................ 73 Orden Lungesnegler (Pulmonata) ....................................... 74 Orden Ferskvannslungesnegl (Basommatophora) ......................... 74 Klasse Sjøtenner (Scaphopoda) .......................................... 76 Klasse Muslinger (Pelecypoda/Bivalvia) ................................... 76 Klasse Blekkspruter (Cephalopoda) ....................................... 80 Rekke Leddormer (Annelida) ............................................... 82 Klasse Mangebørstede leddormer/ flerbørsteormer/ havbørsteormer (Polychaeta)