Vietnam’s Struggle for Independence (A short sentence outline/timeline of events. Although not described here, there was continuous fighting just about every day in some form or another from the 1900s to 1975, then the Khmer Rouge episode in the late 70s ) 1850s: French invade (1858) Vietnam near Da Nang; consolidate Indo-China in 10 years. Established puppet Emperors….colonization. Early 1900s: Rise in nationalism; hatred of French. 1919: WWI Armistice discussions. Young nationalist, Ho Chi Minh, petitions President Wilson for release from colonial rule..just wanted his country back. No response. 1920s/30s: Ho Chi Minh studies Lenin in Russia; becomes Communist. He travels to NYC, works menial jobs in exile. 1940-41: Japan takes control of Indo-China from French 1941: Ho Chi Minh returns to Vietnam, setting up “headquarters” in the mountains near Chinese border. He hates the Japanese (starved Vietnamese) and the French collaborators. While in hiding, Ho forms the Vietnam Independence League (Viet Minh). Everybody wants to join! Including Giap, who became a general and worked with Ho to formulate a plan of guerrilla warfare. 1941-1945: Ho Chi Minh invades French storehouses and redistributes the rice to Vietnamese. Early 1945: America looking for ally to overthrow Japan. O.S.S. air-drops into Ho’s encampment to meet the Viet Minh. American Medic helps Ho Chi Minh, who is deathly ill, to regain health. Although a Communist, Ho viewed Americans as liberators/saviors. 1945: Japan is defeated by the Americans. Ho Chi Minh calls on all people to rise up and take back the country before the French can re-establish power. And they did. September 1945: Ho Chi Minh makes speech in Hanoi, quoted Thomas Jefferson…”…all created equal… Rights… Life, Liberty, etc…” Ho had great hope that U.S. would support their independence. Roosevelt believed and respected the right of all peoples to have the type government they choose. Sadly, the promises Roosevelt made for the post war world died with him. Enter Truman: The alliance with Russia collapses with Soviet expansion, followed by the Cold War. Enter De Gaul: If U.S. does not support French colonies, he would take France into the Russian orbit. (WHAT!!?) The U.S. is officially neutral, however O.S.S. had 7-man secret operation to try and have the Viet Minh and the French work out a solution. Not to be; continued low- level warfare. Following WWII, Allied leaders agreed to divide Vietnam into 2 separate zones. The Nationalist Chinese troops in the North, and British in the South. Continued unrest in South. O.S.S. still trying to work with French and Viet Minh with the objective of Vietnam independence. British upset, feel O.S.S. is a subversive force….The British wanted the French to retake control. Fighting continues…. O.S.S. departs Vietnam. While leaving, the mission leader (Dewey) is shot and killed by Viet Minh by accident/mistake. Ho laments the death and wrote letter to U.S. Fall of 1945: More French troops arrive to take over for British. French (heavier firepower then Viet Minh) establish control in South. Chinese remain in North. Ho Chi Minh believed in the American ideal in that America liberated Europe and Pacific, and never occupied anything in Asia and never exploited the Asians. He went on in a letter to Truman, do not be blinded by the issue of Communism, support our independence. The letter is in the current C.I.A. files. Truman never saw the letter. 1946: Ho Chi Minh goes to France to see if they would live up to the promise of more autonomy for their country. Fruitless attempt. In Ho’s absence General Giap cleans house with ruthless force in the South and wiped out other small nationalist parties/factions, as well as Vietnamese/French collaborators. He wanted a Communist system. December 1946: Ho calls for huge uprising to “fight with what you have”….big time nationalism movement. Became a civil war at the family level, in that, some supported Viet Minh, some the French. French had been there a long time….business arrangements, marriages, etc. 1948: Another French build up. This time with “pacification objective”…built roads, canals, vaccinated citizens, etc. Viet Minh conducting guerilla warfare. People of South lived under two aggressors: The French during the day and the Viet Minh at night. Things deteriorated for the French. Low morale, homeland didn’t care, etc. They were losing…. 1949: Cold War heats up between Russia and U.S. Russia has nuclear bomb, Chinese communists take over China. Dominos falling. Burma and Malaya, and others…? 1950: Mao recognizes Ho’s insurgency and provides military support. Soviets as well. Korean war starts; North Korea is Chinese ally. Truman encounters great political pressure for not containing communism. He approves $23 Mil aide program for French in Vietnam. U.S. is no longer neutral in Vietnam. Truman commits thousands of troops to South Korea. At the same time China is building a fighting force in North Vietnam to conquer French occupiers…. Truman supplies 35 advisors to Vietnam….nobody spoke Vietnamese. More U.S. supplies continued to flow. U.S. officially in Vietnam. Fall 1951: Senator Kennedy visits Vietnam with delegation. The French, assured Kennedy and delegation that with more support they would prevail. Kennedy learned otherwise from reporters that the French were losing, and many of the Vietnamese despised the U.S. for helping the French. 1952: Eisenhower elected president, pledges tougher stance on communism. U.S. funding already at 30% of war effort. In 2 years it grew to 80%. V.P. Nixon briefs U.S. people on the strategy; essentially containing the ‘domino effect’. 1953: French are failing after 7 years of war…..In France it was viewed as a dirty war and the returning veterans were treated poorly. July 1953: Korean War ends; proof that communism could be contained. Fall 1953: Ho Chi Minh and French agree to meet. Both sides seek to improve their positions before negotiations. French build fortification at Dien Bien Phu to lure Viet Minh into decisive battle. 11,000 French soldiers and heavy artillery and armaments. General Giap sees the opportunity: 250,000 porters move 200 big guns and supplies into placements surrounding the valley. 50,000 Viet Minh soldiers in place. A huge logistical victory. March 1954: Viet Minh attack. French getting beat: need airlift to help French during siege. French seek Ike/American help. Ike refuses without Congressional support. Congress says “no”. Europe says “no”, Britain says “no”. Ike sends aide in secret to no avail. May 1954: After 55 day siege, French surrender. French lose 8,000 men, Viet Minh lose 24,000 men but achieve victory! General Giap defeats the French!! It should have been the end of Colonial Rule….. The U.S. viewed it as another potential domino. 1954 Geneva Talks: 9 nations to decide the future of Vietnam. Despite Ho’s victory at Dien Bien Phu he still needed support to continue to build a country. The Chinese lost thousands in Korea, said “no”. Soviets wanted to appease the West, said “no”. Both urged Ho to negotiate a settlement. The Geneva Accords: The 9 nations settled after 2 and one half months of negotiations by dividing the country at the 17 parallel….just like Korea. Ho had no options. No one is satisfied. French had to withdraw to the South. The Viet Minh moved to the North. Country divided by DMZ. Furthermore, there was a clause in the settlement promising an election to re-unify the country. That election which all knew that Ho would win, never happened. Now it gets really messy…. Families/civilians had 300 days to relocate to the North, or to the South. Approximately 900,000, mostly Catholics and Buddhists left the communist north on American ships. Most nationalist, including Viet Minh in South Vietnam, moved north resulting in split families and much discontent. 1955: Ngo Dinh Diem, a skilled politician who hated the communists and the French was supported by U.S. proclaimed President and created new government. He starts to clean house of several political parties, paramilitary units, syndicates, and armed gangs in South Vietnam. Dinh is ruthless against Buddhists, uprising in streets, much killing…. Dinh is deemed a Messiah without a message. U.S. (Ike) cuts support of Dinh. U.S. wants legitimate government and calls for referendum on Dinh government. Amazingly he gets 98% of the vote. The French depart Vietnam. Now Dinh is a hero….drove French out. In fall of 1955 Dinh goes to Washington to seek aide. Kennedy says we’re locked in, Ike had no choice but to support him. Late Fall ‘55/Early ’56: Ike sends American civilians and advisors to build ARVN. Utilized/taught conventional, instead of guerrilla warfare…..it seems that’s all we knew. Dinh aggressive/ruthless behavior against the remaining Viet MInh and political enemies got attention in North Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh still focused on reunification of country but not aggressive enough for some. 1959: North Vietnam policy change….hardliners gain control with a much more aggressive intent. Build up Viet Minh in south (via Ho Chi Minh trail) and eliminate Dinh by force. Fighting starts. First American Advisor is killed by Viet MInh. 1960: Kennedy elected. Very noble speech about American role in world to support the freedom of choice, etc. In South Vietnam the National Liberation Front is formed (orchestrated from the North)…… later known as the Viet Cong. 1961: Another Presidential speech by Kenney elaborating again on our noble efforts for democracy, supporting freedom, confronting communism, and curtailing aggressive dictators the world over.