+ Full Report Emerging Spacefaring Nations Review of selected countries and considerations for Europe Report: Title: “ESPI Report 79 - Emerging Spacefaring Nations - Full Report” Published: June 2021 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 79 - Emerging Spacefaring Nations - Full Report, June 2021. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. 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Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: Shutterstock TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ABOUT EMERGING SPACEFARING NATIONS ........................................................................................ 8 1.1 A more diverse international space community ................................................................................ 8 1.2 Defining and mapping space actors ................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Emerging spacefaring nations: countries in transition ................................................................... 12 1.4 Selected case studies ......................................................................................................................... 14 2 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1 National space history ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Space sector governance................................................................................................................... 16 Institutional framework ...................................................................................................................... 16 Space industry and economy ........................................................................................................... 18 Research centres and academia ...................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Policy and legal framework ................................................................................................................ 22 Space policies and strategy .............................................................................................................. 22 Legal and regulatory regime ............................................................................................................. 24 International affairs............................................................................................................................. 25 2.4 Programmes and infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 31 Resources and infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 31 Space programmes and activity ...................................................................................................... 31 2.5 Key takeaways ..................................................................................................................................... 37 UAE space ambitions ......................................................................................................................... 37 Achievements and developments.................................................................................................... 37 3 AUSTRALIA ...................................................................................................................................... 39 3.1 National space history ........................................................................................................................ 39 3.2 Space sector governance................................................................................................................... 40 Institutional framework ...................................................................................................................... 40 Space industry and economy ........................................................................................................... 44 Research centres and academia ...................................................................................................... 48 3.3 Policy and legal framework ................................................................................................................ 51 Space policies and strategy .............................................................................................................. 51 Legal and regulatory instruments .................................................................................................... 55 International affairs............................................................................................................................. 55 3.4 Programmes and infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 59 Resources and infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 59 Space programmes and activity ...................................................................................................... 60 3.5 Key takeaways ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Australia’s space ambitions .............................................................................................................. 67 Key achievements and developments ............................................................................................ 67 4 ARGENTINA ..................................................................................................................................... 69 4.1 National space history ........................................................................................................................ 69 4.2 Space sector governance................................................................................................................... 70 Institutional framework ...................................................................................................................... 70 Space industry and economy ........................................................................................................... 72 Research & Academia ........................................................................................................................ 75 4.3 Policy and legal framework ................................................................................................................ 75 Space policies and strategy .............................................................................................................. 75 Legal and regulatory instruments .................................................................................................... 78 International affairs............................................................................................................................. 79 4.4 Programmes and infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 82 Resources and infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 82 Space programmes and activity ...................................................................................................... 82 4.5 Key takeaways ..................................................................................................................................... 88 Argentina’s space ambitions............................................................................................................. 88 Space ecosystem highlights ............................................................................................................. 88 5 SOUTH KOREA ................................................................................................................................. 90 5.1 National space history ........................................................................................................................ 90 5.2 Space sector governance................................................................................................................... 91 Institutional framework ...................................................................................................................... 91 Space industry and economy ........................................................................................................... 93 Research & Academia ........................................................................................................................ 95 5.3