PROSODY AND INTONATION OF WESTERN CHAM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS MAY 2011 By Kaori Ueki Dissertation Committee: Victoria B. Anderson, Chairperson Barbara W. Andaya Patricia Donegan Amy J. Schafer Kenneth Rehg © Kaori Ueki 2011 ii ACKNOLWEDGMENTS No man is an island, as the saying goes. I have been fortunate to have the assistance, advice, and support from: My chair, Victoria Anderson and committee members Barbara Andaya, Amy Schafer, Patricia Donegan, and Ken Rehg; Department chair William O’Grady, Katie Drager; Graduate Student Organization Travel Award, which funded in part my 2009 field trip; Christine Kirk-Kuwaye; Osman Ysa, Ahmad Yousos, Ashnavi Ahmad, Abubakar, Emiko Stock, and Marc Brunelle for assistance with all things Cham; Vathany Say, Siti Keo, Hayden Brooks Lukas Wettstein for their hospitality while I was in Phnom Penh; Laurie Durand for copyediting; Diana Stojanovic, Hunter Hatfield, Tsz-Him Tsui, Kanjana Thepboriruk, Karen Huang, Jake Terrell, Toshiaki Furukawa, Yumiko Enyo for various linguistic discussions; Hieu Nguyen and Gina Ho for their hospitality in the last year of the writing, and Hieu for help on Vietnamese place names; Martin Bernstein and Daniel Scher for long distance support; Parents Hiroshi and Yukiko Ueki, and Iori Ueki. iii ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the prosodic and intonational characteristics of Western Cham (three letter code for International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 639-3 code: [iso=cja]), an Austronesian language in the Chamic sub-group. I examine acoustic variables of prominence at word and postlexical levels: syllable duration, pitch excursion, and mean intensity. WC syllable duration is highly correlated with word level prominence. Western Cham disyllabic words display a strong iambicity, with final syllables having twice the duration of initial syllables. This iambicity is also present in phrases comprised of two monosyllabic words. Phrase position has an effect on syllable duration and pitch excursion. Syllables in phrase-final position showed a lengthening effect and display greater pitch movement in phrase-final position. I also present a tonal grammar of Western Cham using the Autosegmental-Metrical framework and the Tones and Break Indices (ToBI) labeling convention. Two prosodic units above the word level were defined: the Accentual Phrase (AP) and Intonational Phrase (IP). Three kinds of tones are defined: edge tones, phrase tone, and pitch accent. With this inventory of tones, a mapping of sentence types to tonal contours is presented. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments . iii Abstract. iv Table of Contents . v List of Tables. x List of Figures. xii List of Abbreviations. xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Research questions . 1 1.3 Autosegmental-Metrical phonology and ToBI . 2 1.4 Language documentation . 5 1.5 Organization of this dissertation . 7 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND ON CHAMIC LANGUAGES AND THE CHAM . 8 2.1 Geographic distribution of Chamic languages . 8 2.2 Chamic languages within the Austronesian family . 10 2.3 A brief history of the Chamic speaking peoples . 11 2.4 Previous works on Chamic and WC . 15 2.4.1 Works of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . 15 2.4.2 Recent work: Phonology and phonetics . 17 2.4.3 Recent work: Grammars and dictionaries . 19 2.4.3 Recent work: Historical and comparative . 19 2.5 Sociolinguistic background of Western Cham . 20 2.5.1 The Cham in Cambodia . 20 2.5.2 Cambodian Cham social practices and education . 24 2.6 Language contact effects . 31 2.7 Endangerment and the future of WC . 34 v CHAPTER 3 AN OVERVIEW OF WESTERN CHAM GRAMMAR . 37 3.1 Phoneme inventory . 38 3.1.1 Consonants. 39 3.1.2 Vowels. 40 3.2 Vowel length . 41 3.3 Diphthongs . 41 3.4 Register effects and phonation type . 43 3.5 Vowel allophony . 45 3.6 Phonotactics and syllable structure . 48 3.6.1 Presyllable . 49 3.6.1 Main syllable . 49 3.7 Suprasegmentals . 51 3.7.1 Stress . 51 3.7.2 Intonation . 51 3.8 Variation . 52 3.8.1 Regional variation . 52 3.8.2 Individual variation . 53 3.9 Morphosyntax . 54 3.9.1 Basic sentential order . 55 3.9.2 Existentials and ‘have’: hou and mata . 56 3.9.3 Focus particle . 58 3.9.4 Questions . 59 3.9.5 Imperatives . 60 3.9.6 The noun phrase. 60 3.9.7 The verb phrase . .62 3.9.8 Relative clauses . 63 3.9.9 Possession . 64 3.9.10 Pronouns. 64 CHAPTER 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS. 66 4.1 Data collection . 66 vi 4.1.1 Field sites and data collection . 66 4.1.2 Speaker profiles Data collection . 67 4.2 Equipment and recording . 68 4.3 Materials . 68 4.3.1 Materials: phonemic vowel length . 69 4.3.2 Materials: iambicity, phrasal intonation data collection . 71 4.3.2.1 Word list . 72 4.3.2.2 Sentence frames. 73 4.3.2.3 Sentence translations . 75 4.3.2.4 Narratives. 76 4.3.3 Metalinguistic awareness . 76 4.4 Analysis . 77 4.4.1 Analysis tools . 77 4.4.2 Segmentation rules.