Portugal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment State of the Assessment Report A contribution to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, prepared by the Portugal Sub-Global Assessment Team 1 This report is a contribution to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment prepared by the Portugal Sub-Global Assessment Team. The report has been prepared and reviewed through a process approved by the MA Board but the report itself has not been accepted or approved by the Assessment Panel or the MA Board. Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Citation: Pereira, H.M, T. Domingos, and L. Vicente (editors). 2004. Portugal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: State of the Assessment Report. Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa. Available online at http://ecossistemas.org. Requests for hardcopies can be sent to Henrique Pereira, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, or by e-mail to [email protected]. Coordinating authors: Henrique M. Pereira, Tiago Domingos and Luís Vicente Lead Authors: Helena Adão, Carlos Aguiar, Francisco Andrade, Miguel Araújo, Carlos Carmona Belo, Fátima Borges, Maria João Burnay, Henrique Cabral, Helena Freitas, Fuensanta Salas Herrero, Maria Amélia Loução, João Carlos Marques, Rui Tomás Marques, Américo Mendes, Elvira Pereira, João Santos Pereira, Simone Pio, Rui Rebelo, Eugénio Sequeira, Fernando Brito Soares. Contributing Authors: Helena Carvalho, Alexandra Correia, Margarida Ferreira, Marques Ferreira, Francisco Fonseca, Paulo Marques, Cristina Marta, Humberto Martins, Maria João Martins, Rute Pinto, Vânia Proença, Cibele Queiroz, Margarida Santos-Reis User Representatives: Teresa Avelar, Paulo Canaveira, Henrique Carvalho, Isabel Guerra, Simone Pio, Cátia Rosas, Nuno Sarmento Review Editors: Isabel Guerra, Luis Rochartre Álvares, Vitor Barros, Helena Freitas, Teresa Ribeiro, Humberto Rosa Reviewers: Rui Alves, Teresa Andersen, Keneth Cassman, Teresa Pinto Correia, Luis Costa, Manuel Graça, Pedro Lencart, José Manuel Lima Santos Financial support for the MA and the MA Sub-global Assessments was provided by the Global Environmental Facility(GEF), the United Nations Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Government of Norway, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Swedish International Biodiversity Programme, the Rockefeller Foundation, the United States National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), the International Council for Science (ICSU), the Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, the Christensen Fund, the United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), and the Ford Foundation. Other sources of financial support for the Portugal Sub-Global Assessment included Caixa Geral de Depósitos and Universidade de Coimbra. 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................6 1.1 A brief socio-ecological description of Portugal...................................................................7 1.2 Scales and Systems................................................................................................................7 1.3 Overview of the Report .........................................................................................................9 2 Assessment Process ......................................................................................................................10 2.1 Organization ........................................................................................................................10 2.1.1 The users .........................................................................................................................11 2.1.2 The research team ...........................................................................................................12 2.1.3 The steering committee ...................................................................................................13 2.1.4 The advisory board..........................................................................................................13 2.2 Financial Support.................................................................................................................13 2.3 Products ...............................................................................................................................13 2.4 Review Process....................................................................................................................13 2.5 Timetable.............................................................................................................................14 2.6 User Needs...........................................................................................................................14 2.6.1 General user needs ..........................................................................................................15 2.6.2 Systems and regions........................................................................................................16 2.6.3 Drivers and response options ..........................................................................................16 2.6.4 Ecosystem services..........................................................................................................17 3 Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being................................................................................18 3.1 Choice of Ecosystem Services.............................................................................................18 3.2 Relevant Components of Well-being ..................................................................................18 3.3 Connection between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being .....................................19 4 Drivers of ecosystem change ........................................................................................................20 4.1 Definitions ...........................................................................................................................20 4.2 Methods ...............................................................................................................................21 4.3 List of Drivers......................................................................................................................21 4.4 Interactions Between Drivers ..............................................................................................22 5 Conditions and Trends ..................................................................................................................24 5.1 Defining condition and trend...............................................................................................25 5.2 Methods ...............................................................................................................................25 5.3 Services assessed nationally ................................................................................................25 5.3.1 Biodiversity.....................................................................................................................25 5.3.2 Water Provisioning..........................................................................................................27 5.4 Services assessed by ecosystems.........................................................................................28 3 5.4.1 Marine and coastal ..........................................................................................................28 5.4.1.1 Food production......................................................................................................29 5.4.1.2 Recreation...............................................................................................................30 5.4.2 Forest and Montado.........................................................................................................31 5.4.2.1 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................33 5.4.2.2 Food production......................................................................................................33 5.4.2.3 Wood and cork production .....................................................................................33 5.4.2.4 Carbon sequestration ..............................................................................................34 5.4.2.5 Soil protection and run-off regulation ....................................................................34 5.4.2.6 Recreation...............................................................................................................34 5.4.3 Cultivated ........................................................................................................................35 5.4.3.1 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................36 5.4.3.2 Food production......................................................................................................36 5.4.3.3 Soil protection and run-off regulation ....................................................................37 5.4.3.4 Recreation...............................................................................................................38