A typology of verbal derivation in Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic languages Fufa Teso, T. Citation Fufa Teso, T. (2009, November 24). A typology of verbal derivation in Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic languages. LOT dissertation series. LOT, Utrecht. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14432 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14432 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). A Typology of Verbal Derivation in Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic Languages Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl ISBN: 978-94-6093-013-3 NUR 616 Copyright © 2009: Tolemariam Fufa. All rights reserved. ii A Typology of Verbal Derivation in Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic Languages Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College van Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 24 november 2009 klokke 16:15 uur door Tolemariam Fufa Teso geboren te Wollega, Ethiopië in 1964 Promotiecommissie Promotores: Prof. dr. M. Mous Prof. dr. Baye Yimam (Addis Ababa University) Overige leden: Dr. Azeb Amha Prof. dr. O.D. Gensler (Addis Ababa University) Prof. dr. F.H.H Kortlandt Dr. L.I. Kulikov Dr. C.H. Reintges (CNRS-Université Paris 7) Prof. dr. H.J. Stroomer The research on which this thesis is based was funded by WOTRO, under the pro- ject "A typology of verbal derivation in Ethiopian languages", WB 39-306. iv Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................IX ABBREVIATIONS AND PHONETIC SYMBOLS .............................................XI 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 1.1. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT............................................................................... 1 1.2. TYPOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................... 2 1.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE.............................................. 3 1.4. CORE LANGUAGES ........................................................................................ 6 1.4.1. Oromo................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2. Amharic ................................................................................................ 7 1.4.3. Shakkinoono ......................................................................................... 8 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS.............................................................................. 10 2. THE CAUSATIVE IN OROMO .................................................................... 11 2.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 11 2.2. FORMS OF THE CAUSATIVE .............................................................................. 12 1 2 2.2.1. The Morphemes -is/-s/-ss (CAUS ) and –sis (CAUS ) .................... 12 3 2.2.2. The Morpheme –eess (CAUS )............................................................... 14 2.3. STRUCTURE OF THE CAUSATIVE ...................................................................... 14 2.3.1. Double Causatives.................................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Causerless/Subjectless (Impersonal) Causatives .................................... 17 2.3.3. De-ideophonic Verbalizers ...................................................................... 19 2.4. THE SEMANTICS OF OROMO CAUSATIVES.................................................. 20 2.5. AMOUNT OF AGENTS OR OF CAUSERS ............................................................. 22 2.5.1. Does the Number of Agents Match with the Number of –s ’s?............... 22 2.5.2. Causer Counting ...................................................................................... 24 3. THE CAUSATIVE IN AMHARIC ................................................................ 26 3.1. CAUSATIVE MORPHEMES ................................................................................. 27 1 3.1.1. The Morpheme a- (CAUS )...................................................................... 27 2 3.1.2. The Morpheme an- (CAUS )................................................................... 31 3 3.1.3. The Morpheme as- (CAUS )................................................................... 31 4 3.1.4. The Morpheme aš- (CAUS ).................................................................... 32 5 3.1.5. The Morpheme astä- (CAUS )................................................................ 32 3.2. THE SYNTAX OF MORPHOLOGICAL CAUSATIVES ............................................ 33 3.2.1. The Syntax of Transitive Causatives........................................................ 33 3.2.2. Causerless (Impersonal) Causatives ....................................................... 38 3.2.3. Intransitive Causatives/Verbalizers......................................................... 39 3.3. THE SEMANTICS OF AMHARIC CAUSATIVES.................................................... 40 4. THE CAUSATIVE IN SHAKKINOONO AND KAFINOONOO ............. 44 v Table of Contents 4.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 44 4.2. THE CAUSATIVE MORPHEMES ......................................................................... 45 4.2.1. The Causative morpheme –i- ................................................................... 45 4.2.2. Morphophonological Aspect of –i- .......................................................... 47 4.2.3. The Morpheme –(i)ssi- and –(i)čči- ....................................................... 49 4.3. FORMS OF –A-................................................................................................... 51 4.4. ARE I AND A THEMATIC ROOT VOWELS OR DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES?....53 4.5. STRUCTURES OF THE CAUSATIVE..................................................................... 53 4.5.1. Single Causatives ..................................................................................... 54 4.5.2. Indirect Causatives................................................................................... 56 4.5.3. Frozen Causatives?.................................................................................. 59 4.6. THE SEMANTICS OF SHAKKINOONO CAUSATIVES ........................................... 59 5. THE CAUSATIVE IN ETHIOPIAN AFRO-ASIATIC .............................. 62 5.1. THE SEMANTIC TYPOLOGY OF THE CAUSER/CAUSEE...................................... 63 5.2. CAUSATIVE / NON-CAUSATIVE OPPOSITIONS.................................................. 69 5.2.1. Non-Directed Oppositions ....................................................................... 69 5.2.2. Suppletive Oppositions............................................................................. 71 5.3. AGENT COUNTING, CAUSER COUNTING, ASPECTS OF INDIRECTNESS............. 72 5.4. IMPERSONAL/SUBJECTLESS CAUSATIVES ........................................................ 74 5.5. DE-IDEOPHONIC AND DE-NOMINAL CAUSATIVES............................................. 75 6. THE MIDDLE IN OROMO ........................................................................... 77 6.1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 77 6.2. FORMS OF THE MIDDLE IN OROMO .................................................................. 78 6.2.1. The Middle Marker –at-........................................................................... 78 6.2.2. The Morphemes –(a)ah- and –(o)om-...................................................... 80 6.2.3. Argument Structures of the Middle.......................................................... 81 6.3. THE SEMANTICS OF THE MIDDLE..................................................................... 82 6.3.1. Body Centered Middles............................................................................ 82 6.3.2. Mental Event Middles .............................................................................. 87 6.3.3. Spontaneous Middles ............................................................................... 93 6.3.4. Autobenefactive Middles .......................................................................... 97 7. THE PASSIVE IN OROMO........................................................................... 99 7.1. DERIVATION PATTERNS INCLUDING PASSIVES................................................ 99 7.2. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE OF THE PASSIVE...................................................... 104 7.2.1. The Personal Passive ............................................................................. 104 7.2.2. The Impersonal Passive ......................................................................... 109 7.3. THE SEMANTICS OF THE PASSIVE................................................................... 112 8. THE MIDDLE/PASSIVE IN AMHARIC ................................................... 114 8.1. FORM OF THE MIDDLE/PASSIVE..................................................................... 114 8.2. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CLAUSES WITH VERBS WITH TÄ-...................