Index Abraham, J. 267–8 antiseptic practices 24, 49, 176, 201 Abrams, Herbert 140 see also clean-air technologies Acheson, George 158–9, 161 Appadurai, A. 269 Action Research 28 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Activitrax (CRM) 124 Osteosynthesefragen 178–9 Ad. Krauth 118 Army Spectacle Depot 106–7 Adams, Tracey 86 Arnold, P. 162, 166 adjuvant chemotherapy 10, 218–22 Arnold family (instrument makers) AIDS 252, 253 102 air-flow systems see clean-air Arthritis and Rheumatism Research technologies Council 27 airborne pathogens 176 artificial eyes 6, 7–8, 97, 106illus. Allen & Hanbury’s 163 functional 107–8 Alstad, Dr 166 glass 100–5 Alzheimer’s disease 253 purposes 99–100 Alzheimer’s Society 251 synthetic 105–8 Amalgamated Dental Company 105 artificial legs 97 American Cancer Society 143, 254 asepsis see also antiseptic practices American Journal of Medicine 186 Ash, John 42 American Medical Association (AMA) Association for Research in Vision 146 and Ophthalmology 108 American Optical Co 105 Atomic Energy Commission 152 American Registry of X-ray Technicians 85 Bacillus licheniformis 159–60 ampicillin (antibiotic) 203 Baker, Fred 66 Ancoats Hospital 25 Ballard, K. 236 Anderson, Julie 6, 7, 9 Barber, Mary 197 Anderson, Steve 118 Barley, Stephen 6, 74 Andrew and Higgins 181 Barlow, R.B. 160 Annals of the New York Academy of Bauer, Martin 202 Sciences, The 198 Bayne, C.M. 76–9 antibiotics Beck, Ulrich 11 back-up 201 Risk Society (1986; 1992) 233–5 bacterial resistance 10, 195–207 Beit fellowship 165 control policies 197 Berg, Marc 2 and E. coli 203–4 Bernard, Claude 161 and farm animals 195–6, 202–6 best practice: dissemination 223–8 and infectious diseases 196–7 Betatron (X-ray) 142–3 prophylactic application 185–6 Beverwijck, Johann van 98 resistance transfer 204–6 Bijker, Wiebe E. 3 and surgical infection 177 biomedicalization 9 ‘Antibiotics on the Farm – Major Biomedix (company) 119 Threat to Human Health’ 205 Biomet (company) 32 273 274 Index Biotronik (company) 7, 8, 112–33 Burnet, Macfarlane: Natural History of see also cardiac rhythm Disease (1953) 196 management (CRM) Burnett, Francis Lowell 69 decentralization 128–9 diversification 125–8 C Davis Keeler (company) 105 founding 117–18 Cairo University 165 globalization 129–30 Callahan, Daniel 252–3 international growth 118–20 Callow, R.K. 159–60 marketing initiatives 128–9 Campbell, Allan 163 patent infringement lawsuit 128–9 Canadian Hospital 85 restructuring 120 Canadian Nurse 85 technological innovation 121–5 Canadian Society of Radiological Birmingham Medical School 43 Technicians 86 Blade Runner (film) 107 Canadian Tuberculosis Association Blancourt, Henri de 101 83–4 Blaser, Dr 119 cancer 253 Blodgett, Albert 67 breast 10, 214–22, 252 blood pressure 6, 9, 156–8, 164–71 Hodgkin’s disease 138–9, 141–2, Bloomfield, Arthur 142 148–51, 150illus. Blume, Stuart 3, 7, 9–12, 38, 138 leukemia 139 body exhaust suits 182–4 treatment regimes 8 Burroughs Wellcome (company) changing 223–8 163–4 Cancer Act (1971) 218 Boissoneau family (artificial eyes) cardiac rhythm management (CRM) 102–3 see also Biotronik (company) bone setters/bone setting 4, 20–2 continuous innovation 115–16 Borsch, J.L. 103 defibrillators 113, 127 Boulton, Matthew 42 industry regulation 113–15, 125, Bovril 53 130 Boyse, William 101 innovation system 123illus. Brahe, Tycho 99, 100 pacemakers 7, 8, 112–13 Brambell Committee 203 and socio-economic environment breast cancer 116–17 activism 252 Carson, Rachel: Silent Spring (1962) adjuvant chemotherapy 10, 10, 202 218–22 Celbenin (antibiotic) 201 disseminated-disease hypothesis Central Public Health Laboratory 215 205 Halstedian hypothesis 215 Centres for Disease Control (CDC) L-PAM clinical trials 214–18 200 British Gynaecological Society 49 Centres for Medicare & Medicaid British Medical Association (BMA) Services 125 235–7, 238 Chamberlain, Dr 68 British Medical Journal 183, 185 Charité Hospital (East Berlin) 118 British Optical Association Museum Charles Thackray and Sons 31, 32 97, 102, 106, 107 Charlotte Medical Journal 66 Brown, Gordon 99 Charnley, John 9, 27–30 Bücherl, Emil 113, 117 body exhaust suits 182–3 Bud, Robert 3–4, 9, 10 and clean-air systems 179–81 Index 275 impact of his innovations 186–7 commercial laboratories 60–71 theatre hygiene 184–6 computed axial tomography (CAT) Charnley-Howorth air-system 180–1 137 Chemical & Engineering News 202 Conference on Clinical Tests of chemotherapy: adjuvant 10, 218–22 Methonium Drugs (1950) 162 Chew, Hannibal (Blade Runner) 107 Connaught Laboratories 83 Chicago Medical Visitor 66, 69 Connor, J.T.H. 79 Children’s Hospital (Birmingham) Conrad, Peter 2 43, 45–7, 51, 53–4 consensus chloramphenicol (antibiotic) 203 conferences 214, 219–21 Ciba (company) 170 development 218–23, 225 City Hospital (Sydney, NS) 75–9 implementing standards 223–8 Clark, A. Bernard 102–3 Cooter, Roger 24, 62, 70, 71 Clark, Graeme 256 Corbett, Herbert R. 80 clean-air technologies 6–7, 179–81, Cordis (company) 117, 119 185 Cornforth, John 54 Clement Clarke Ltd 105 Cox, William Sands 43 Cleveland Medical Gazette 66, 69 craft traditions 5, 8, 19–22, 33–4 Clinac (MLA) 138 Creelman, P.A. 83 Clinical Laboratory 70 Crenner, Christopher 4, 5 clinical medicine CT scanner 249 and laboratories 5–6, 61–2, 70–2, 156–9 Daily Herald, The 200 research 25, 28–9 Daily Mirror 206 resistance to standardization 226 Daland, Judson 66 studies as marketing tools 128–9 Dale, Henry 159 Clinical Radiotherapy Cancer Daniels, Norman 255 Research Center 149 Datta, Naomi 204 clinical trials 10–11 see also De Wecker Clinic (Paris) 103 consensus; medical technologies defibrillators 127 equipoise principle 215 implantable 113 ganglion blockers 166 Defries, Robert 83 HRT 232, 239 Dental Hospital (Birmingham) 53–4 L-PAM 214–18 Department of Health: and surgical MLA 149–51, 150fig. infection 183–6 multi-centre 214–18 Department of Otolaryngology and pharmaceutical companies (UCSF) 256–7 161–4 DePuy (company) 32, 181 and politics 266–9 DeVita, Vincent 220–3 randomized 215 Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich 101 Randomized Control Trials 249 Digby, Denis 121 role 212–14 Diplos 03 (CRM) 121–2, 124 TEA 159 disseminated-disease hypothesis Cobalt 60 (MLA) 143, 148 215 Cochlear Corporation 256 Dixon, Bernard 205 cochlear implants: evaluation of Dock, Lavinia 87–8 11–12, 256–61 Doll, R. 249 Coen, Hans 264–5 Donepezil (Alzheimer’s drug) 251 Coffin, Albert Isaiah 21 double hermeneutic 237–44 276 Index Douglas, M. 11, 234–5 Fondation Mérieux 265 Dowling, Harry 200 Food & Drug Administration (FDA) Down-Flow (clean-air technology) 125, 256–7 180–1 Ford, Henry 25 Doyle, Austin 163, 167 Forgan, Robert 164 dressings 48–9 Foucault, Michel 11, 233, 235 Durkheim, Émile 100 Franke, Otto 8, 117–20, 133 Fredrickson, Donald 218–19, 225–6 Eagar, William H. 80 Freis, Edward 170 Ear and Throat Infirmary Friendly Societies 21 (Birmingham) 42 Eastman Kodak (company) 158–9 Gamgee, Sampson 48–9 Edwards, John Hall 47 ganglion blockers 156–61 Einius, Henri 106 clinical trials 166 Eli Lilly & Co 263–4 therapeutic enthusiasm 164–7 Elliot, Thomas R. 162, 165, 166 Gannett, William Whitworth 62–9 Elliott, Dr 68 Gaplegin (ganglion blocker) 170 Emerson, Charles 67 Gardner, W. 255 endpoints 266 Gellman (company) 181 defining 10 General Hospital (Birmingham) renegotiating 256–61 41–2, 44, 47, 54–5 equipoise 215 Giddens, A. 11, 233–5 Erythromycin (antibiotic) 201 Consequences of Modernity (1990) Esbach albuminometer 67 233 Escherichia coli (E coli) 10 double hermeneutic 237–44 and antibiotics 203–4 Modernity and Self-Identity (1991) Middlesborough outbreak 203–4 233 European Union 125, 268 Gillis, Miss 75–9 Evidence-Based Medicine 253 Ginzton, Edward 8, 138, 142–7, 151 Eye Hospital (Birmingham) 42, 45 Glace Bay General Hospital 80–1 glass eyes see artificial eyes Faber, Harold 142 Godber, George 198 faber ocularius 100 Gougelmann, Paul 105 facial prostheses 97–9 Gougelmann, Pierre 102 FAIR 269 governmentality 235, 240–1 false teeth 97–9 Gray, James 102 Farm Animal Welfare 203 Green, Frank 161, 163–4, 166, farm animals: and antibiotics 168–70 195–6, 202–6 Greens Eye Hospital/San Francisco Fastier, F.N. 165 Eye Institute 102 Fehling’s test 65 Greer, Germaine 236 Finland, Maxwell 198–9 Guidant (company) 126 First European Symposium on Guillemin, M. 236 Paediatric Cochlear Implantation gynaecology 49 (1992) 258 Fisher, Bernard 214–18 haemocytometer 47 FitzGerald, John 83 Haggard, Mark 258 Fletcher, Susan 254 Hall Edwards, John see Edwards, John Focal Spot 86 Hall Index 277 Halstedian hypothesis 215 Howell, Joel 5, 37, 50 Hammersmith Hospital 166, 197, Howmedica (company) 32, 181 204 Howorth, Hugh 179–81 Handley, Neil 6, 7–8 Howorth Air Systems (company) Harrison, Ruth: Animal Machines 180–1 (1964) 202–3 HRT (hormone replacement therapy) Harvard Medical School 69, 158–9 11, 231–3, 235–7 Hayes, M. 152 abandonment of clinical trials Hazard-Mirault, C.F. 103 239 Health Technology Assessment (HTA) biomedical understanding 239 227–8, 250–1, 266, 268 clinical trials 232 Heister, Lorenz 101 and risk 234, 237–44 Henriksen, Margot 202 Humboldt University 108 Henwood, Flis 3, 9, 11 hypertension 6, 9, 156–8 herbalism 21 enthusiasm for ganglion blockers Herzlich, Claudine 196–7 164–7 hexachlorophene lotions 201 relieving postural 169illus. hexamethonium (ganglion blocker) role of ancillary care 167–70 9, 157, 159 success in treating 170–1 Hickman, Henry Hill 49 treatment routines 167–70 Hidefjäll, Patrik 6, 7, 8 hypoblepharon 100 high blood pressure see hypertension High Voltage Engineering 142 ICI (company) 157, 170 hip replacements 7, 28–33 infectious diseases rates of infection 175–6 E. coli 203–4 Hitchcock, Alfred malaria 253 Birds, The 202 MRSA 195, 201 Day of the Triffids 202 resistance to antibiotics 10, Hodgkin’s disease 138–9, 141, 142 195–207 clinical trials of MLA 149–51 S.