-- -- - - -- The Discovery of the So-called New Race in Egypt.-About two years ago we noticed in these columns Mr. Flinders Petrie's discovery of remains which he attributed to a race that had invaded Egypt about the twelfth dynasty, and which he believed were of Libyan stock. Dr. D. G. Brinton speaks in Science as follows of recent conclusions about this dis- covery : "Since then there has been .considerable discussion of the subject. the general trend of which was in favor of Petrie's view. Dr. G. Schweinfurth, however, in the Verha?zdlungsn of the Berlin Anthropological Society for January, attacks this theory, and claims that the remarkable stone artefacts unearthed in the tombs of the 'new race' are such as are made to-day by the Ababde in the Thebais. He is inclined to the belief that the ancestors of these tribes in prehistoric times were the so-called 'new race' and came from the Bedcha stock. near the coast of the Red Sea. There are, however, a number of facts overlooked by Schweinfurth, which indicate that the 'new race' were con- querors of an older Egyptian civilization ; nor is it likely that the Bedchas would have occupied so exclusively the left bank of the Nile, when their homes were east of its right bank. Petrie's supposition is still the most probable of any offered." NAQADA AND BALLAS. DIRECTOR'S LIBRARY ORIENTAL INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D., EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON; VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ARCHWOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, LONDON; MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHWOLOGICAL INSTITUTE ; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; AND J. E. QUIBELL, B.A. WITH CHAPTER BY F. C. J. SPURRELL. LONDON: BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY, W. I 896. LONDON : PRINTED RY WILLIAII CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHABING CROSS. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION . (P.) SECT . PAGE 23 . Wavy-handledvases .... I1 SECT . PAGE 24 . Red and black pottery ..... 12 i . The site of work ..vii 25. Decorated pottery ..... I2 ii . Organisation of work ..vii 26 . Late pottery ........ 12 iii . The record of results . viii 27 . Incised and white-painted pottery ... iv . Assistailce in England . x i3 28 . Positionsofpottery ....... 13 29. Human figures ...... ..13 CHAPTER I . (Q.) 30. The game ........... i4 31. Ivory and maces ...... I4 32 . Copper objects ...... ..14 I . Around Deir ......... I 33 . Lamps ......... 14 2 . Work at Ballas ......... I 3. The North Town ........ 2 CHAPTER IV. (Q.) 4 . Burials in North Town . 2 5 . Mastabas of IVth-VIth dynasties . 3 SELECTEDGRAVES OF THE NEW RACE.BALLAS . 6 . Contracted burials of IVth dynasty . 3 34 . Graves drawn. Pls . 111-V 7. Staircase tombs ......... 3 ..... CHAPTER I1. (Q.) CHAPTER V . (Q.) 8. Details of staircase tombs. IVth dynasty . 4 36. Date of foreign burials ....17 g .....well tombs. IVth dynasty . 6 37. Summary of burials found . 18 10. Burials in earth. IVth dynasty .... 7 11. Fasade tombs. XIIth dynasty .... 8 CHAPTER VI. (P.) 12. Inscription of Tahuti. XIIIth dynasty . 8 CEMETERYOF THE NEW RACE. NAQADA. THE DRAWNGRAVES . CHAPTER I11. (Q.) 38 . Nature of Graves . 18 PRODUCTSOF THE NEW RACE. BALLAS. 39. Graves with coffin. T . 4 . 18 40 scoopeci bones. T . 5 I 3. Discovery of the graves ..... ....19 I4. The course of excavation 41 ... T . I4 to NO. I . 263 .....20 42 . Grave 271. ivory figures 21 I 5 . Mutilation of the bodies . 16. Arrangement of graves . 43 . Graves 283-880 .........21 17. Slate palettes ... 18. Toilet objects ... CHAPTER VII. (P.) 19. Stone vases .... 20. Pottery making ... 21. Incised marks ... 44. Graves in R . cemetery ...... 22. The rough pottery . 45 .....T ... ...... n 2 . iv CONTENTS . SECT . PAGE SECT. PAGE 46 . Graves I to 286 . 24 82. Algerian dolmen skulls ..... 53 47 ... 326 to 878 ..26 83. Relation of New Race to Algerian skulls . 53 48 ... 1037 to 1488 ...... 27 84 . Nubt and Southern Town plan. P1 . LXXXV 54 49 ... 1507to1918 ...... 29 85 . The great cemetery plan. P1 . LXXXVI . 54 50 . Positions of objects ....... 29 86 . Weights .......... CHAPTER VIII. (P.) CHAPTER X . FLINr IMPLEMENTSOF NAQADA. By F. C . J . SPURRELI.. 5 I 30 . General system of burials ..... 87 . The Palzeoliths ....... .55 52. Treatment of skulls ...... 30 88. Implements of Alien Race .....5 5 53. Treatment of bodies g I . 89 . Large flake knives .........56 54 . Anthropophagy indicated . 32 go . Flat-worked knives ....57 55 Untenable suggestions 33 . ........ 91. Forked javelin heads .......58 92. Rings ...........59 CHAPTER IX. (P. & Q.) DESCRIPTIONOF PLAT.ES. CHAPTER XI. CONCLUSIONS. (P.) Maps. Pls . I. I A ........ Figures and games. Pls. VI. VII .... 93 . Extent of foreign invasion . Stone vases. Pls. VIII-XVII ..... 94. Separation from Egyptians . Local pottery. Pls . XVIII-XXIX .... 95 . Date of foreign occupation . Imported pottery. Pls. XXX-XXXVI . 96 . Expulsion of Egyptians .... Rough and later pottery. Pls. XXXVII- 97. Characteristics of the invaders . XLIII .......... 98. Connections with Syria ... Egyptian pottery. Pls . XLIV-XLVI ... 99. Western connections ..., Slate palettes. Pls. XLVII-L ..... roo . Libyan connections .... Marks on pottery. Pls. LI-LVII .... IOI. The Libyan invasions .... Beads. etc.. P1 . LVIII ....... 102. Libyans and Amorites ... Human figures. P1. LIX ...... 103 . Punicsettlements ..... Animal figures. P1. LX ....... Ivory carvings. Pls . LXI-LXIV .... CHAPTER XI1. Implements of copper. etc.. P1 . LXV ... NUBT. THE TOWNOF SET. Paintings on pottery. Pls . LXVI. LXVII . 104. Nubt. Ombos ...... Palzolithic flints. Pls . LXVIII. LXXVI . 105. Pyramid and Tumuli .... Nile gravel flints. Pis. LXIX. LXXVI . 106. IVth dynasty pottery .... Ballas desert flints. P1 . LXX ..... 107. XIIth dynasty remains ... New Race Town flints. P1 . LXXI .... 108. Gold measures ...... New Race grave flints. P1 . LXXII-LXXVI ~og. Building of XVI 11th dynasty . Stone implements. P1 . LXXV ..... IIO. Statue of Sennefer i . Ivory handle. and lintel of Tahutmes I. P1. I I I . XVIIIth dynasty tombs ... LXXVII .......... I I 2. XIXth dynasty burial ... Skulls of New Race. capacities. P1. LXXXIV I I 3. XIXth-XXth dynasty building . Female small skulls ....... Length and breadth ratio ...... Prognathous ratio ........ LIST OF PLATES. I. Map of Ballas and Naqada. LIX. Human fibaures. I A. Plan of cemeteries. LX. Animal figures. 11. Ballas cemetery. LXI, LXII. Ivory carvings. I I I-V. Ballas tomb plans. LXIII. Ivory combs and pins. VI. Human figures and skulls LXIV. Ivory carvings, etc. (Photograph). LXV. Implements of copper. VII. Games. LXVI, LXVI I. Paintings on pottery. VIII-IX. Hanging stone vases, ,H. LXVIII. Palzeolithic flints. High level. X-XII. Standing stone vases, S, 1-84. LXIX. Flints from High Nile gravel. XIII-XVII. Standing stone vessels, Egyp- LXX. Ballas Desert flints. tian, S, 101-188. LXXI. Flints from settlements, New XVIII-XXI. Black-topped pottery, B. Race. XXII-XXIV. Polished red pottery, P. LXXII-LXXIV. Flints from graves, New Race. XXV-XXVII. Fancy forms of pottery, F. LXXV. Stone implements, etc. XXVIII-XXIX. Red pottery with white lines, LXXVI, Flint implements (Photo- C. graph). XXX. Black incised pottery, N. LXXVII. Ivory handle ; and lintel from XXXI-XXXII. Wavy-handled pottery, W. Nubt (Photograph). , XXXIII-XXXVI. Decorated pottery, D. LXXVIII. Nubt ; Temple of Set. XXXVII-XXXVIII. Rough-faced pottery, R. LXXIX. Nubt ; foundation deposits, XXXIX-XLI. Later New Race pottery, L. tombs, measures, etc. XLII. Pottery from Ballas. LXXX-LXXXI. Nubt ; scarabs, seals, etc. XLIII. Carvings from Ballas. LXXXI I-LXXXIII. Naqada ; selected tomb plans. XLIV-XLVI. Egyptian pottery, IVth-XIIth 1,XXXIV. Diagrams of skull measure- dynasty. ments. XLVII-L. Slate palettes. LXXXV. Temple of Set Nubti, Pyramid, LI-LVI I. Marks on pottery. and South Town. LVIII. Beads, etc. LXXXVI. Naqada, cemeteries plan. NOTE ON PLATES. THE notation of the plates in this work has been may be numbered in the series. Then sub-varieties specially arranged for the facility of denoting dis- are lettered, in case any one wishes for very exact coveries in future, by means of the letters and description of a form ; but in general, for rough use, numbers here used. As a very full variety of forms the lettered sub-varieties can be ignored. This of pottery, &c., has been here drawn, these plates will system enables a number to be used without im- serve for the registration of most of the pottery of the plying too rigorous a similarity to the drawing, New Race that may be found in future researches. or having to express a form by saying that it is Each class of vases is therefore designated by a letter, equally like several different numbers. Thus, in which is put at the head of the plate, and given in the noting the contents of graves, in future it will suffice list of plates here (H, S, B, P, F, C, N, W, D, R, to mark a vase down as being H 33 or P 17 to define and L). Each general type is numbered, and the the type ; while letters can be added, if further numbers up to gg are dispersed over the whole class ; desired, as P 17d. This system will give the full so as to leave unused numbers where wide differences advantage of the use of such a corpus of forms as is exist in forms, that fresh types discovered in future here published. For a general view of the subjects noticed in this volume the reader is requested to turn to the full index at the end. INTRODUCTION. i. THE work described in this volume was conducted of a hitherto unsuspected invasion ; as this forms the partly by myself, and partly by Mr. Quibell ; but the ground-work of our historical view of the results, it whole of it lay within a few miles along the edge of comes first in this volume, in chapters I to V. After the desert, between Ballas and Naqada.