Significant Dates 1585 9 September: birth of Richelieu. 1601 27 September: birth of Louis XIII. 1602 14 July: birth of Mazarin. 1606 17 April: in Rome, Richelieu inaugurated as Bishop of Luçon. 1610 14 May: Henri IV assassinated; Louis XIII becomes king. 15 May: Marie de’ Medici becomes Regent. 26 July: Concino Concini enters the conseil d’état. 17 October: coronation of Louis XIII. 1614 2 October: majority of Louis XIII declared. 27 October: Estates General opens; Richelieu attends as member of First Estate (the Clergy). 1615 23 February: Richelieu addresses Estates General before its closure. August: Condé leads rebellion. 28 November: marriage of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. 1616 1 September: arrest of Condé. 25 November: Richelieu enters conseil d’état for the first time. 1617 24 April: Concini assassinated. 3 May: Marie de’ Medici retires to Blois, accompanied by Richelieu. 15 June: Richelieu leaves Blois and returns to his diocese. 8 July: Leonora Galigaï, widow of Concini, executed. 161 162 SIGNIFICANT DATES 1618 Luynes presides over conseil d’état. 7 April: Richelieu exiled to Avignon. 1619 21–2 February: Marie de’ Medici escapes from Blois and joins Épernon at Angoulême. 7 March: Richelieu receives instructions to leave Avignon and negotiate peace between Louis XIII and Marie de’ Medici. 30 April: Treaty of Angoulême between king and his mother. 1620 June: new phase of aristocratic rebellion begins. 10 August: Treaty of Angers restores peace. September–19 October: Louis XIII occupies Béarn and unites it with France. 25 December: Huguenot assembly at La Rochelle decides upon armed resistance to crown. 1621 April: Louis XIII and Luynes march against the Huguenots; Saumur taken, but siege of Montauban fails (August–November). 15 December: death of Luynes. 1622 Royal campaigns against Huguenots continue. 10 June: massacre at Nègrepelisse. 5 September: Richelieu becomes Cardinal. 18 October: Treaty of Montpellier between crown and Hugue- nots. 1623 7 February: Treaty of Paris. France forms league with Venice, Savoy and Grisons to resist Spain in Valtelline. 1624 January–February: dismissal of Brûlart de Sillery and his sup- porters. 29 April: Richelieu brought into conseil d’état for second time. 13 August: Richelieu becomes head of conseil d’état and principal minister. 1625 January: Rohan and Soubise engage in rebellion. 11 May: marriage of Henriette de France and Charles I of England. 1626 5 March: Treaty of Monzón between France and Spain. 19 August: execution of Chalais for plotting against Richelieu. July–August: creation of Compagnie du Morbihan. October: Richelieu becomes Grand Maître de la Navigation. SIGNIFICANT DATES 163 1627 20 March: France breaks with England and signs alliance with Spain. 22 June: execution of Montmorency-Boutteville and Chapelles for having fought a duel. 30 June: English fleet appears before La Rochelle. 25 July: Buckingham lands on île de Ré. 10 September: siege of La Rochelle by royal forces begins. 25 December: death of Vincent II, Duke of Mantua. 1628 28 October: La Rochelle surrenders. 1 November: Louis XIII and Richelieu enter La Rochelle. 1629 15 January: Code Michau published. Spring–Summer: Louis XIII campaigns against Huguenots. 28 June: Peace of Alès redefines place of Huguenots in society. 21 November: Richelieu officially designated as ‘principal minister of state’. 26 November: Richelieu created a Duke. 1630 29 January: first meeting between Richelieu and Mazarin. 31 March: French army takes Pinerolo. 27 February: revolt begins in Dijon. 25 July: Louis XIII arrives in Lyon and remains until autumn; September: Louis XIII suffers severe illness. 26 October: Mazarin secures truce at Casale between French and Imperial forces. 10 November: Marie de’ Medici breaks with Richelieu. 11 November: Day of Dupes leads to confirmation of Richelieu in office. 1631 18 January: Mazarin arrives in Paris for first time, to negotiate peace in Italy. 23 January: Treaty of Barwälde creates alliance between France and Sweden. 30 January: Gaston d’Orléans leaves the royal court. 3 February: anti-fiscal riots in Paris begin. 31 May: alliance between France and Bavaria. 19 June: Treaty of Cherasco; France retains Pinerolo and Casale, and the Duc de Nevers is recognised as Duke of Mantua. 18 July: Marie de’ Medici escapes from France to the Spanish Netherlands and is joined by Gaston d’Orléans. 164 SIGNIFICANT DATES 1632 3 January: secret marriage between Gaston d’Orléans and Marguerite de Lorraine. 26 June: Louis XIII imposes treaty of Liverdun on Charles IV of Lorraine. June–August: Henri de Montmorency, assisted by Gaston d’Orléans, raises rebellion in south-west. September–October: rebellion suppressed and Gaston flees again. 16 November: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden killed at battle of Lützen. 1633 September: Louis XIII occupies Lorraine. 1634 25 August: Mazarin sent by Urban VIII on diplomatic mission to France. 20 September: France enters into accord with Sweden and German princes to protect Rhineland. 1635 25 January: creation of Académie Française. 8 February: alliance between France and United Provinces. May–June: riots in Bordeaux. 19 May: France declares war on Spain. 27 October: alliance between Luis XIII and Prince Bernard de Saxe-Weimar. 1636 January: Mazarin recalled to Rome. April–May: risings of Croquants in Angoumois. 15 August: Spanish seize Corbie and cause panic in Paris. 10 November: Corbie recaptured by French. 1637 April: risings of Croquants spread to Périgord. 11 December: the ‘Vow’ of Louis XIII, who devotes his kingdom to the Virgin Mary. 1638 16 March: France and Sweden renew alliance. March: victories of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar in Rhineland. 5 September: birth of Louis XIV. 7 September: defeat of French at Fuenterrabia. 19 December: Bernard of Saxe-Weimar takes Breisach. 1639 7 June: French army defeated at Thionville. 16 July: rising of the Nu-Pieds begins at Avranches and spreads to other parts of Normandy. SIGNIFICANT DATES 165 18 July: death of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. 21 October: victory of the Dutch over the Spanish fleet at the Battle of the Downs. 14 December: Mazarin leaves Rome for the last time and goes to France. 1640 March: revolt of the Nu-Pieds finally suppressed. 7 June: beginning of revolt in Barcelona against Philip IV of Spain, which spreads to rest of Catalonia. 13 June–8 August: French besiege and take Arras. 21 September: birth of Philippe, brother of Louis XIV and future Duc d’Orléans. December: rising in Portugal against Philip IV of Spain. 1641 1 February: alliance between France and Portugal. 1 August: Pope Urban VIII condemns Jansen’s Augustinus. 19 September: Louis XIII agrees to become ‘Count of Barcelona’. 15 December: Mazarin created a cardinal. 1642 13 June: arrest of Cinq-Mars and De Thou. 3 July: Marie de’ Medici dies at Cologne. 12 September: execution of Cinq-Mars and De Thou. 4 December: death of Richelieu. 5 December: Mazarin enters conseil d’état. 1643 19 January: papal bull In Eminente denounces Jansenism. 21 April: baptism of Louis XIV; Mazarin is godfather. 14 May: death of Louis XIII, succession of Louis XIV. 18 May: Anne of Austria assumes regency; Mazarin retained as principal minister. 19 May: French victory at battle of Rocroi. July–September: rise and fall of ‘Cabale des Importants’; ris- ing of Croquants of Rouergue. September–December: preliminary peace talks in Westphalia. 1644 3–8 August: French victory at battle of Fribourg. 12 September: Turenne takes Philippsburg. December: formal peace talks begin in Westphalia. 1645 13 August: Treaty of Brömsebro between Sweden and Denmark, mediated by Mazarin. 166 SIGNIFICANT DATES 1646 June–October: French successes in Spanish Netherlands: Courtrai (29 June), Furnes (7 September), Dunkirk (11 October) taken. 8 October: French take Piombino. 26 December: death of Duc de Condé. 1647 13 March: armistice signed at Ulm between France, Sweden, Bavaria and other German territories; Bavaria breaks the truce in the autumn. 18 July: Particelli d’Emery appointed surintendant des finances. 1648 15–16 January: Parlement forced to register creation of new offices; then annuls registration; Fronde of the Parlement begins. 30 January: peace between Spain and Dutch Republic. 13 May: Arrêt d’Union, Parlement of Paris joins forces with other courts in Chambre Saint Louis. 2 July: Chambre Saint Louis presents charter for reform. 9 July: dismissal of Particelli. 13 July: abolition of intendants (except in frontier provinces). 26 August: arrest of Broussel and other parlementaires. 27–8 August: barricades erected in Paris; Broussel released. 22 October: crown concedes demands of Chambre Saint Louis. 24 October: treaties of peace signed in Westphalia. 1649 5–6 January: royal family leaves Paris and goes to Saint- Germain. 29 March: Bordeaux declares solidarity with Fronde of Paris. 1 April: Peace of Rueil between crown and Fronde of the Parlement. 18 August: royal court returns to Paris. 1650 18 January: arrest of Condé, Conti and Longueville; their supporters in provinces raise rebellion. February–April: court travels to Normandy and Burgundy to pacify country. 22 June: ‘Ormée’ movement founded in Bordeaux. 5 October: king and Queen Mother enter Bordeaux. 1651 February: union of Frondes of Princes and the Parlement. 6–7 February: Mazarin leaves Paris and goes to Germany. 13 February: Condé, Conti, Longueville released from prison. SIGNIFICANT DATES 167 16 February: triumphant return of these princes to Paris. 7 September: majority of Louis XIV proclaimed in Parlement of Paris. 22 September: Condé arrives in Bordeaux, which declares in his favour. 1652 28 January: Mazarin returns and joins royal court at Poitiers. 18 May: Spanish retake Gravelines. 2 July: after several defeats by crown forces Condé retreats into Paris. 4 July: attack on Paris Hôtel de Ville by supporters of princes; princes impose their regime over the city. 19 August: Mazarin goes into exile for second time. 16 September: Spanish retake Dunkirk. 13 October: Condé leaves Paris and flees to Spanish Nether- lands.