This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Gregory of cyprus: A study of church and culture in late thirteenth century byzantium. Sopko, A. J The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 5750 Gregory of Cyprus-: A ! 'turfy of Church arc? Culture in Tate. Thirteenth Century Byzantium Andrew J. Sopko Submitted for the PhD Degree Kin's College, London OBIBI.. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Variable print quality 1. Andrew J. Sopko 'GreGory of Cyprus: A Study of Church and Culture in Tate Thirteenth Century Byzantium' Gregory II of Cyprus (1241-1290), a. late thirteenth century Patriarch of Constantinople, was a leading figure in the cultural revival which occurred at Byzantium following its recapture from the Latins in 1261. Althou. -h born on Cyprus, he later became closely involved with the re-establishment of education, classical studies and theological thought under the early Palaiologoi. While a lay teacher of rhetoric in the imperial capital, he became a unionist and supported Michael VIII's Union of Lyons. Later, a after renunciation of his unionist activities, he was made Patriarch of Constantinople. During his Patriarchate, the ecclesiastical difficulties which resulted from the Union of Lyons disrupted his reign. Foremost of these difficulties was the problem of the Procession of the Holy Spirit which he attempted to settle with a compromise solution. His viewpoint, although Orthodox, was largely misunderstood by his contemporaries and resulted in his abdication. in tracing the career of Gregory of Cyprus, biographical details illuminate his primary role in the early Palaiologan revival. As. classicist and ecclesiastic, he provided the impetus for cultural revival and advancement in both the 'Hellenic and Christian spheres of Byzantine civilisation. As educator, literateur, and theologian, he helped rejuvinate the long Constantinopolitan cultural tradition which had been broken by the Latin occupation. Above all, his career demonstrates that'the Church played an active role in the revival of this tradition, not only in theo- logical thought but also in the continuation of classical literary studies. 2. Table of Content-3. P Abstract . """". "".. ""sIs"""".. "... ". "".......... ". ". """". 1 List Abbreviations... of ".... "ý.. ýý "" """""""""""""e"" 3 Short Titles 4.6 ............. """"... """"". "". """".. ""....... Introduction . ".. "".. ". """". ".. " ......................... 7-19 I. The Setting's Byzantium from the Recapture of Constantinople to the End the Arsen1te Schism 20-1+3 of ... II. Gregory's Early Life (1241-1273) 144-61 .................. III. Unionist and Anti-Unionist (1273-12e2) 62-fin ............ IV. Patriarch Constantinople (1283-1290) of ........,., 89-128 V. The Pneurnatological Problem .......... .......... 6.,. 129-156 VI. 6r%jorl's'L.;, t eirs-: A ReINi<c1 n"-. 1-its_ 157-171 - of , _: _...... =nýellec+kal' MiI leu VIT. The Legacy Gregory Cyprus of of ................... 172-215 Conclusion : Gregory's Theology : Its t; ethod an: 1 Place, in Byzantine Thought ....... ..................... 216-212 Appendices 2344-235 t The Works of Gregory of Cyprus ............ Gregory Cyprus 2ý6 t! or; cs Attributed to of ..... Work. Erroneously Attribuited to Gregory , Cyprus 236 of ................................. 237-24.5 The Letters of Gregory of Cyprus .......... 246 Abdication Documents ...................... A Letter of John Cheilas to the Emperor ... 247-248 Bibliography ........................................... 2119-27O Note: Cer+a%vl cbansc,-s l'a. ve, beer 1n+rodu. eed no +he. +e, + of{ er +he bindin50 Alihot. 5}1 The pc 5%na_+iotn is sometlme5 noV. -cons ecutlvr.. ) +he. +exi- is con_ A-1»txO VS. r 3" List of Abbreviations ASS Acta Sanctorun AB Analecta Bollandiana B Byzantion BNJ Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbiächer BS Daa ntinoslavica AZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift CC Christianskoe 6tenie CflH Cambridge Hodieval History CSHB Corpus Scri, ptoru: n Historiae Byzantinae DOP Dunbarton Oaks Papers DTC Dictionaire de theologie catholique 't: EF xxýlýc6tZrtiLXý ý, q;. EO Echos d'Orient GRBS Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies ................ JORB Jahrbuch der osterreichischen byzantinischen Gesellschaft MPG J. F. Migne, Patrologia series Graeco-Latina OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica REB Revue des Etudes Byzantines W. Yizanti. jski j Vremennik O:.E týýý+1cxFVýýx?i. xzý 'itýýcxý' "ý:ý-: v"c1o: ýýc ýýeýa: 4ý Short Titles Akropolites C. Akropolites, Opera; ed. A. Heisenberg (Leipzig, 1903) Volume I, His toria, Brevi. arium 'Histbriae, Theodori Scutariotae addita'aenta. Anüold M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile: Government and Society Under the Laskarids of Nicaea (London, 1975). *a Art et Societe Art et Societe Byzance sous les Palaeol: oFues (Venice, 1971). Autobiography Gregory of Cyprus, xaG' eaviöv %cpL EjwV - cc. 19-30. Barker E. Barker, Social and Political Thought in (0xford,, 1957,1961). Byzantium . Beck H. Beck, Kirche und theologische Literatur im ; byzantinischen Reich (Munich, 1959)" Blemmydes N. Blemmydes, Curriculum Vitae et Carmina, ed. A. Heisenberg (Leipzig, 1696). Brehier L. Brehier, Le monde byzantin III, la (Paris, r, vilisation byzantine 1970). Eustratiades EALcseal Pp7oaiýoL_ zri, i{výtýiov, , (Alexandria, ed. S. Eustratiades, EF 1-5 1908- 1910). 1 (1908) pp. 76-106 Introduction 107-108 Letter 1 409-439 Letters 2-45 2 (1908) 195-211 Letters 46-65 5. Eustratiades (cont. ) 3 (1909) pp. 5-48 Letters-66-115 281-296 Letters 116-130 4 (1909) 5-29 Letters 131-141 97-128 Letters 142-166 5 (1910) 213-226 Letters 167-173 339-352 Letters 171+-184 445-451 Letters 185-187 1 489-500 Letters 188-197 Fuchs F. Fuchs, Die höheren Schulen von Konstantinopel im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1926, reprinted Amster- dam, 1964). Geanakoplos D. J. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologos and the West (Hamden, Conn., 1973). Gregoras, N. Gregoräs, Byzantina Historia, CSHB, ed. L'. Schopen, 3 volumes (Bonn, 1829-55)" Hill Sir G. F. Hill, A History of Cyýs, volumes 2 and 3 (Cambridge, 1948). Janin R.. Janin, Les eglises et les monacteres de Constantinople (second edition, Paris, 1969). Kariye Djami P. Underwood, ed., The Kariye Diarii, 4 volumes (Kew York-, Princeton 1966-75). Volume 4: Studies in the Art of the Kariye Djani (Princeton, 1975). Krumbacher K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen östro- Litteratur von Justinian bis zum Ende des mischen Reiches (Munich, 1897). Metochites C. Metochites, Historia dcgmatica, ed. A. Mai and G. Cozza-Luzi, Parts I, II Nova Patrum bibliotheca 8 (1871) and III, 10 (1905). Nicol D. H. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium (London, 1972). 6. 03trogorsky G. 0strogorsky, History-of the line Statb (oxford 1968). Pachymeres G. Pachymeres, De Michaele et Andronico Palaeol. ogi. 5, CSHB, ed. I. Bekker, 2 volumes (Bonn, 1835). - Regestes ,V. ' Laurent, Les R4estcs des Actes'du, Patriarcat do Constantinople, 'l, part 4; Les Regestes de 1208'a' 1309 (Paris, 1971)" Sykoutres I. Sykoutres, Wept ,rb cXict. ia E,-,)v 'ApcEVCaTwv, ` raii. (1929) Lx1,2 pp. 267-332ß 3-4930) PP-'15-44P 5 (1932) PP- 107-126. Troitskij T. E. Troitskij, Arsen i i-Arsenity (reprint, London, ' 1973)". " Vasiliev A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Emnire (Madison and Milwaukee,. 1964). YlkL 7. Introduction In choosing the title 'Gregory of Cyprus: A Study of Church and Culture in Late Thirteenth Century Byzantium', my aim was to demonstrate the two concurrent intentions of my thesis. First, it ip, a biography of the thirteenth century Patriarch of Constantinople,. Gregory II. A study of his life and work leads directly to the second emphasis of my work, Constantinopolitan culture in the late' thirteenth century with°particular attention given to the role of the Byzantine Church as a cultural force. Gregory of Cyprus serves as an ideal focal point for this type of study. As both scholar and churchman, he was not only in contact with the cultural developments of his time, but actually responsible'for many of them. Because his greatest contribut- ions were theological and rhetorical; these will receive special attention, but he was also involved. in other aspects of Palalologan culture, especially the revival- 6T. edifdation. ' The phoronenon--of the-cultural revival-iný hich GreCory-participated Constantinople at under the early PalaioloE; oi had a dual nature. Despite the difficult social