The EPP Across Languages by Julianne Margaret Doner A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics University of Toronto © Copyright 2019 by Julianne Margaret Doner Abstract The EPP Across Languages Julianne Margaret Doner Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics University of Toronto 2019 The Extended Projection Principle (EPP) formalizes the requirement for a subject in every clause. In this dissertation, I develop a typology of EPP effects based on a sample of typologically, geographically, and genetically diverse languages. I define the EPP as the obligatory movement of some element into the inflectional domain, and argue that the EPP can vary in three different dimensions: (i)whetheran argument or a predicate is the goal of the EPP-probe, (ii) whether the goal is a head or a phrase, and (iii) whether a larger constituent is pied-piped. I demonstrate that these three dimensions interact to create a total of seven different attested EPP types across languages. I demonstrate that intra-linguistic alternations in EPP type are attested, which provide evidence that these types are functionally equivalent on some level. I also present the hypothesis that the EPP type of a language should be predictable based on other properties of the language. As such, I discuss several properties that co-occur with particular EPP types cross-linguistically. For example, predicate-EPP languages pattern together by having a high, defective T head, which results in a set of shared properties, including: (i) a lack of non-finite clauses, (ii) high or preverbal tense marking, (iii) a T merged with C, and (iv) defective definiteness marking. On the other hand, I show that the null subject type of a language does not correlate with EPP type. Finally, I also propose two different functional purposes for the EPP. First, I propose that theEPP has an anchoring function, linking the utterance to the world by raising an element marked with an index to a position of prominence. I present the hypothesis that all operations within the inflectional domain have an anchoring function. Second, I argue that the dichotomy between predicate and argument EPP languages can be explained if we understand the EPP as a high predication operation, which raises either the predicate or the argument to a position which c-commands the other. I then propose that all anchoring operations, including the EPP, have dual functions, thus incorporating the two functions of the EPP. ii I dedicate this thesis to my nieces, Emma and Gracie. If this dissertation is my baby, then I guess that makes it your cousin! Emma “helping” me work. iii Acknowledgements It goes without saying that I am indebted to my committee. First of all, I need to thank Diane Massam who has supported me throughout my journey through graduate school since my MA. Despite always being there to provide support, guidance, encouragement, and a mountain of reference letters whenever I asked (even after she retired) she also somehow managed to disappear just enough that I learned to stand on my own two feet; few have mastered this perfect supervisory balance. She maintains rigour while being kind, she gives thoughtful comments but also triages them, and she shared her love of everything Niuean. Since the first time I read Biberauer (2010) many years ago, Theresa Biberauer has beentopofmy list for external examiner, and I am so happy that we were able to make it work. The comparative syntax work coming out of her research group in Cambridge is fascinating, and her comments and suggestions truly improved my dissertation. I am thrilled to be able to have her input on my own research, and honoured that she seemed just as excited to be my external as I was to have her. Cristina Cuervo and Susana Béjar make excellent committee members. Both spent hours giving detailed comments on my work. Susana would always ask big questions, and Cristina meticulously commented on how I presented and discussed my data. They also clearly care about me as a person, and gave me encouragement and guidance with regard to my career, and not just about my research. Cristina especially would periodically reach out to me to check in and see how I was doing, not waiting for me to come to her, which was greatly appreciated. Susana became my ‘drop-in’ committee member and always greeted me with a smile for spur-of-the-moment issues, as she was the only one consistently around the department (as Cristina is based in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and Diane is retired). I would also like to thank both Elizabeth Cowper and Alana Johns, my ‘internal externals,’ who spent a lot of time reading my dissertation carefully and preparing thoughtful comments and questions. Your input has truly made this dissertation better. I had some great conversations with Alana about Inuktitut at various stages of this project, and I hope my discussion here does those conversations justice. Elizabeth was my graduate coordinator throughout my MA and in the first few years of my doctorate, when a graduate coordinator has the most impact, as well as a reader on both my Forum Paper and my second Generals Paper. I admire her so much, and value her feedback greatly. When I, as she described it, had my ‘November break-down ahead of schedule’ in my MA year, she reacted in the best possible way—by telling me stories of past MA students who have cried in her office and then gone on to become tenured professors. There are also many other (past and present) professors at the University of Toronto who, although they may not have had a hand specifically in the content of this dissertation, have mentored, encouraged, and taught me in many other ways. I especially would like to thank Bronwyn Bjorkman, Jack Chambers, Elan Dresher, Daphna Heller, Michela Ippolito, Arsalan Kahnemuyipour, Yoonjung Kang, Nick LaCara, Suzi Lima, Keren Rice, Nathan Sanders, Guillaume Thomas, Nick Welch, and Andrea Williams. This dissertation certainly wouldn’t have been possible without the many, many people who have helped me with data in their native and/or research language(s). Whether your help was hours of elicita- tion sessions or a quick question over email, whether it made it into my dissertation or not, I thank you so much for sharing your time and your knowledge: Kazuya Bamba (Japanese), Julien Carrier (French and iv Inuktitut), Richard Compton (Inuktitut), Radu Craoiveanu (Finnish and Romanian), Cristina Cuervo (Spanish), Clarissa Forbes (Gitksan), Ross Godfrey (Amharic), Alana Johns (Inuktitut), Angelika Kiss (Hungarian and Portuguese), Monica Irimia (Romanian), Suzi Lima (Brazilian Portuguese), Diane Mas- sam (Niuean), Vin Ntouvlis (Greek), Kenji Oda (Irish), Katharina Pabst (German), Kaisa Partanen (Finnish), Virgilio Partida Peñalva (Spanish and Mazahua), Andrew Peters (Mandarin), Chris Spahr (Finnish), Arna Björk Sveinsdóttir (Icelandic), and Becky Tollan (Niuean). Furthermore, this dissertation wouldn’t look the way it does without the many people who have helped me with LATEX: Emily Clare, Radu Craioveanu, Terry Doner, Clarissa Forbes, Tim Gadianidis, Tomo Yokoyama, and so many more who have helped me here and there, as well as Abigaël Candelas de la Ossa for making a wonderful LATEX cheat sheet for linguists that is available online. One of the hardest parts of putting together a project this big is the sheer amount of writing. I’d like to give a special thanks to Emily Blamire for getting me writing that first day. It was a few days before reading week, and I was sitting in the lounge, with a small window of time to spend. I was thinking out loud, saying, it’s not worth getting starting now, it’s not a long enough block, I’m going to start next week during reading week when there’s lots of time. Emily encouraged me to start then and there. Who knows how much longer (days? weeks? months?) I would have dithered if not for her. The first step is one of the hardest. Writing is mostly a solitary activity, but it is a lot easier to get a large volume of writing done when you have some sort of accountability. For this, I am indebted to the variety of writing groups I have been a part of over the last few years. Thanks to Joel Rodgers and the Milestones and Pathways program for setting up the various Dissertation Writing Bootcamps and Write-on-Site events that I have attended, but especially for organizing Writing Group R, my unforgettable Thursday morning writing group. Thank you to all of the past and present members of Writing Group R, including: Ashley Williamson, for her stickers and her leadership; Brigidda Bell, for being kind and gracious; Laurie Drake, for getting out; Kelsey Jacobson for giving us hope and for drinking all the leftover milk; Matt Jones for booking the rooms for the UNDEAD writing group, and for being my SSHRC postdoc peer review buddy; Magdalena Sobol for your great baking skills and for being the first to acknowledge us all in your publication; Marie-Annick Prevost and Dolon Chakravartty, for being faithful, consistent members; and our one-time mascot, the duck. Alongside the inter-departmental Writing Group R, I’d like to thank the regular attendees of our intra-departmental Shut Up and Write sessions: Emily Clare, Radu Craoiveanu, Jess Denniss, Frederick Gietz, Lex Konnelly, and Ruth Maddeaux. Of course, my completion of this degree would not have been possible without the administrative backbones of our department. I’d like to thank Mary Hsu for having my back (and making sure I got paid), and Jennifer McCallum, and Jill Given-King before her, for doing so much paperwork so efficiently, and fielding so many questions (some of which weren’t even in their job descriptions).