Introduction of computer languages pdf Continue Source code for simple computer programs written in the language C programming language for passing instructions to the computer. If you compile and run, i will give you an output hello, world!. A programming language is a type language that contains a set of instructions that generate different kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms. Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers. There are programmable computers that use a specific set of instructions rather than a regular programming language. The early computers preceded the invention of digital computers, probably being auto flute players described in the 9th century by Baghdad's brother Musa during the Islamic Golden Age. [1] Since the early 1800s, programs have been used to direct machine movements such as jacquard looms, music boxes, and player pianos. [2] The program for these machines (e.g. a scroll of player piano) did not generate any other behavior in response to different inputs or conditions. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and more languages are being created each year. Many programming languages are written in required types (i.e., written in sequences of actions that need to be performed), and other languages use declarative forms (i.e., the desired results are specified and not the method is achieved). Descriptions of programming languages are typically divided into two components: syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by specification documents (such as C programming languages specified by ISO standards), while others (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. Some languages have all the default languages, and the underlying language is defined by standards, and extensions from dominant implementations are common. The definition programming language is a notation that writes a program that is the specification of calculations or algorithms. [3] Some authors limit the term programming language to a language that can represent all possible algorithms. [3] [4] Characteristics are often considered important for organizing a programming language: the functionality and target computer programming language is the language used to write computer programs, which perform some kind of computer [5] or algorithms and perhaps control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots, [6] and so on. For example, postScript programs are frequently created by computer printers or other programs to control displays. More generally, programming languages can describe calculations on some abstract machines. Typically, the full specifications for a programming language include a description of the computer or processor for that language, an idealized description. [7] Most Context, programming languageincludes computers; Therefore, programming languages are typically defined and studied in this way. [8] Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are used only for human interaction, and programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to machines. Abstract programming languages typically contain abstractions to define and manipulate data structures or to control execution flows. The practical need for programming languages to support proper abstraction is expressed by abstraction principles. [9] This principle is sometimes formulated as a recommendation to programmers to make appropriate use of such abstractions. [10] The phenotype calculation theory classifies the language by a calculation that can be expressed. All of Turing's entire languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL-92 and Charity are examples of languages where Turing is not complete, but it is also known as a programming language. [11] [12] Tag languages such as XML, HTML, or troughs that define structured data are not generally considered programming languages. [13] [14] [15] Programming languages can share tag languages and syntax if computational semantics are defined. For example, XSLT is the entire Turing language that fully uses xml syntax. [16] [17] [18] Also, LaTeX, which is primarily used for document structuring, also contains a full subset of Turing. [19] [20] The term computer language is often used interchangeably with programming languages. [21] However, the use of both terms varies from author to author, including the exact range of each. One usage describes a programming language as a subset of the computer language. [22] Similarly, the language used for computing with a different goal than expressing a computer program is generally specified in the computer language. For example, tag languages can be applied to computer languages to emphasize that they are not used for programming. [23] Another use considers a programming language to be a theoretical configuration for abstract machine programming and a subset of the computer language running on a physical computer with limited hardware resources. [24] John C. Reynolds emphasizes that the official specification language is just like a programming language, just like a language for execution. He also argues that the text and graphic input format that affects the behavior of the computer is generally a programming language, despite the fact that Turing is not complete, and that ignorance of programming language concepts is the reason for many flaws in the input format. [25] History main article: early development of the history of programming language sped computers, colossus, etc., was programmed without the help of You can program by modifying the circuit or setting up a physical control bank. A little later, the program can be written in a mechanical language, and the programmer writes each command in the form of numbers that the hardware can run directly. For example, a command that adds a value to two memory locations can consist of an opcode that selects a follow-up action and three numbers at two memory locations. Using a program in decimal or binary form, it was read from punch cards, paper tape, magnetic tape, or switches on the front panel of the computer. The machine language was later called the First Generation Programming Language (1GL). The next step was to develop a so-called second-generation programming language (2GL) or assembly language, which was still closely tied to the command set architecture of a particular computer. They reassured the programmers of the tedious and error-prone address calculation that made the program much more human-readable. The first high-level programming language, or third-generation programming language (3GL), was written in the 1950s. The initial programming language designed for computers was flanked by Conrad's For the German Z3 between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented between 1998 and 2000. [26] John Mauchly's short code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for electronic computers. [27] Unlike machine cords, shortened code statements represent mathematical expressions in an understandable form. However, the process was much slower than running the computer code because you had to convert it to machine code each time you ran the program. At the University of Manchester, Alick Glennie developed automatic codes in the early 1950s. The compiler was used as a programming language to automatically convert the language into computer code. The first code and compiler was developed in 1952 for the Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester and is considered the first compiled high-level programming language. [28] [29] The second autocode was developed by R. A. Brucker in 1954 for Mark 1 and called the Mark 1 Autocode. Brooker also developed an automatic code for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s with the University of Manchester. The EDSAC version 2 was devised in 1961 by D. F. Hartley of the University of Cambridge's Institute of Mathematics. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was developed directly in mercury autocode tailored to local conditions, and was famous for its advanced object code optimization and source language diagnostics at the time. A modern but separate development, the Atlas Autocode was developed for The Atlas 1 Mechanical College in Manchester. In 1954, Fortran was invented by John Backers at IBM. It was the first widely used high-level common Unlike design on paper, languageprogramming is programmed for functional implementation. [30] [31] It is still a popular language for high-performance computing [32] and is used in programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers. [33] Another early programming language was devised by American Grace Hopper called FLOW-MATIC. It was developed for UNIVAC I in Remington Land from 1955 to 1959. Hopper discovered that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with math, and in early 1955 she and her team created specifications for the English programming language and implemented prototypes. [34] The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was practically completed in 1959. [35] FLOW-MATIC had a big impact on cobol design because it was only Amako at that time. [36] Tablets have introduced requirements for low-level programming languages or system programming languages to increase the use of advanced languages. These languages provide facilities between assembly languages and advanced languages from different angles. It needs direct access to the hardware