Учреждение образования «БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» Î. Â. Ìîðîçîâ, Ê. Â. Ëàáîõà, À. Ñ. Êëûø ËÅÑÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ È ÁÎËÎÒÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ FOREST AND MIRE SCIENCE Рекомендовано учебно-методическим объединением по образованию в области природопользования и лесного хозяйства в качестве учебно-методического пособия для студентов учреждений высшего образования по специальности 1-89 02 02 «Туризм и природопользование» Минск 2015 УДК 630*2+551.312.2(075.8) ББК 43.4:26.222.7я73 М80 Перевод на английский язык Е. В. Кривоносовой, С. И. Шпановской Рецензенты: кафедра лесохозяйственных дисциплин УО «Гомельский государственный университет им. Франциска Скорины» (заведующая кафедрой кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент М. С. Лазарева); кандидат биологических наук, заместитель директора по научной и инновационной работе ГНУ «Институт экспериментальной ботаники им. В. Ф. Купревича НАН Беларуси» Д. Г. Груммо Все права на данное издание защищены. Воспроизведение всей книги или ее части не может быть осуществлено без разрешения учреждения образо- вания «Белорусский государственный технологический университет». Морозов, О. В. М80 Лесоведение и болотоведение = Forest and mire science : учеб.-метод. пособие для студентов специальности 1-89 02 02 «Туризм и природопользование» / О. В. Морозов, К. В. Лабоха, А. С. Клыш ; пер. на англ. яз. Е. В. Кривоносовой, С. И. Шпа- новской. – Минск : БГТУ, 2015. − 200 с. ISBN 978-985-530-495-2. В учебно-методическом пособии содержатся сведения о биологии и экологии леса в целом и составляющих его компонентах, географиче- ских аспектах леса, закономерностях естественного возобновления, формирования леса, изменения его характера в пространстве и во време- ни, а также основы болотоведения. Издание может быть использовано студентами для подготовки к зачету и экзамену. УДК 630*2+551.312.2(075.8) ББК 43.4:26.222.7я73 ISBN 978-985-530-495-2 © УО «Белорусский государственный технологический университет», 2015 © Морозов О. В., Лабоха К. В., Клыш А. С., 2015 2 CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction .................................................................... 9 1.1. The concept of forestry ........................................................... 9 1.2. The concept of mire study ...................................................... 11 1.3. Directions of tourism development on the forest fund territory ................................................................................. 13 1.4. State policy in the field of forestry ......................................... 14 1.5. Organization of forestry ......................................................... 15 1.5.1. Forest fund .................................................................... 15 1.5.2. The structure of forestry ............................................... 16 1.5.3. Groups and categories of forests protection ................. 17 1.5.4. State inventory of forest resources, state cadastral forest inventory, forest monitoring ......................................... 18 1.6. Principles and types of forest management ............................ 19 1.7. Normative documents regulating the organization of tourism and wildlife management in the forests .............................................. 20 2. Forest as a natural ecosystem. Forest components. Stand distinctive features .................................................... 22 2.1. The forest as a natural complex and management object ....... 22 2.2. The concept of forest as a part of biogeocenosis .................... 23 2.3. Components of the forest ........................................................ 29 2.4. The main distinctive features of forest stands ........................ 40 3. Forest and light ............................................................... 46 3.1. The importance of light in the life of the forest ...................... 46 3.2. The relation of tree species to light ........................................ 48 3.3. Photophily scales of tree species ............................................ 50 3.4. Relation to light of the plans of the lower layers of the forest ..... 50 3.5. The impact of forest canopy on a number of physical parameters of solar radiation .............................................................. 52 3 4. Forest and heat ............................................................... 54 4.1. The value of heat in the life of the forest ................................ 54 4.2. The relation of tree species to heat ......................................... 55 4.3. The thermophily scale of tree species ..................................... 57 4.4. The impact on forest extremely low and high temperatures ....................................................................................... 58 4.5. The influence of forests on temperature ................................. 59 5. Forest and moisture ........................................................ 61 5.1. The importance of moisture in the life of the forest ............... 61 5.2. The relation of tree species to moisture .................................. 64 5.3. The influence of forests on surface and subsurface runoff, physical and physiological evaporation, humidity of soil and groundwater level, precipitation ....................................... 66 6. Forest and composition of air. Forest and wind ............... 69 6.1. Components of atmospheric air and their importance in the life of forest .............................................................................. 69 6.2. The influence of forests on composition of air ....................... 70 6.3. The influence of wind on forest .............................................. 72 6.4. The influence of forest on wind .............................................. 75 7. Forest and soil ................................................................ 77 7.1. The relations of forest and soil ............................................... 77 7.2. The relations of forest plants and soil ..................................... 79 7.3. Role of forests in soil formation ............................................. 81 7.4. Biological cycle of substances in the woods .......................... 81 8. Forest classification. Forest typology ............................... 83 8.1. Climate and distribution of forests. Diversity on the globe. The forest vegetation types of the world ............................................ 83 8.2. Geobotanical zones, subzones and districts of Belarus .......... 85 8.3. Basic concepts of forest typology ........................................... 89 8.4. Forest typology concepts by G. F. Morozov .......................... 90 8.5. Biogeocenosis typology by V. N. Sukachev .......................... 91 8.6. Classification of forest conditions types ................................. 92 9. Forest vegetation of Belarus ............................................ 94 9.1. Features of the Belarusian forest typology direction .............. 94 9.2. Classification of forest associations and definition criteria ...... 96 9.3. The modern structure of forests in Belarus ............................ 97 9.4. General characteristics of pine formations ............................. 99 4 9.5. General characteristics of spruce formations ........................ 102 9.6. General characteristics of oak formations ............................ 104 9.7. General characteristics of the soft-woody forests ................. 106 10. Reforestation (forest regeneration) .............................. 110 10.1. The concept of reforestation ............................................... 110 10.2. Seed regeneration of the forest. The stages and factors of seed regeneration .............................................................................. 111 10.3. Types of vegetative regeneration of the forest ................... 114 10.4. Assessment of regeneration and various aspects of its value .................................................................................. 116 10.5. The advantages and disadvantages of forest regeneration ... 117 11. Forest formation ......................................................... 119 11.1. Age-classes of forest stands ................................................ 119 11.2. The concept of growth and development of woody plants ................................................................................ 120 11.3. Pure and mixed, simple and complex forest stands formation conditions......................................................................... 121 11.4. Classification of trees: G. Craft, B. D. Zhilkin classification, classification by economic-biological features ......... 122 12. Succession of forest ecosystems ................................. 125 12.1. The concept of succession. The causes of succession ........ 125 12.2. Successions classification ................................................... 126 12.3. The change of a pine by a birch and an aspen .................... 127 12.4. The change of pine by spruce and spruce by pine .............. 128 12.5. Change of spruce by birch and aspen and the replanting by spruce .......................................................................................... 129 12.6. Change of oak by other species and its regeneration .......... 130 13. Mire as a natural phenomenon and object of study .....132 13.1. Basic concepts of mire science ........................................... 132 13.2. Mire formation factors