International Rescue Committee U.K. Post-Conflict Development Initiative Models for Service Delivery in Conflict-affected Environments Drawing Lessons from the experience of the Ushirika/GBV Partnership Programmes in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo Funded by the Povery Reduction in Difficult Environments team of the U.K. Department for International Development Dennis Dijkzeul (Consultant) January 2005 Acknowledgements This study was carried out by the International Rescue Committee U.K. (IRC UK) as part of a learning exercise co-ordinated by its Post-Conflict Development Initiative (PCDI). The research, analysis and drafting were undertaken by Professor Dr. Dennis Dijkzeul. We are extremely grateful for the support of the DFID Poverty Reduction in Difficult Environments (PRDE) team, who granted the necessary funding to undertake the study as a contribution to their development of policy on service delivery in difficult environments and provided comment and insight throughout the exercise. Thanks are also due to IRC colleagues in the Great Lakes region and internationally, partner civil society organisations and communities in eastern DRC, and those representatives from other international and national NGOs and other bodies who took part in the study. Contacts IRC UK 11 Gower Street London WC1E 6HB Tel.: + 44 (0)20 7692 2727 Sebastian Taylor, Director [email protected] Liz McBride, PCDI Director [email protected] Sue Russell, Programme Officer (Great Lakes) [email protected] Prof. Dr. Dennis Dijkzeul The Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV) NA 02/29 Ruhr Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany Tel.: ## 49-(0)234-3227932 Fax: ## 49-(0)234-3214208 Email: [email protected] Webpage: www.ifhv.de 2 CONTENTS ACRONYMS...................................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 6 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 10 2. BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT IN THE DRC ....................................... 11 3. IMPACT OF THE CONFLICT ON VULNERABLE PEOPLE, PROVIDERS, AND POLICYMAKERS...................................................................................... 14 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Vulnerable People......................................................................................... 14 3.3 Providers ....................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Policy makers................................................................................................ 18 4 SERVICE DELIVERY INITIATIVES AND OUTCOMES IN THE DRC: USHIRIKA/GBV.................................................................................................. 19 5. SERVICE DELIVERY INITIATIVES AND OUTCOMES IN THE DRC: FIVE NGOs .................................................................................................................... 29 5.1 Direct to Community/Individuals ..................................................................... 30 5.1.1 Women for Women International ................................................................. 30 5.2 Working with local government institutions..................................................... 33 5.2.1 Food for the Hungry International (FHI)...................................................... 33 5.3 Working with Non-State Providers................................................................... 36 5.3.1 The CARE-CAP Programme........................................................................ 36 5.3.2 Christian Aid................................................................................................. 39 5.3.3 Malteser......................................................................................................... 43 6. LESSONS LEARNED.......................................................................................... 47 6.1 Capacity building process................................................................................. 48 6.2 Replication and scaling up................................................................................ 51 6.2.1 Internal aspect ............................................................................................... 52 6.2.2 External aspects ............................................................................................ 52 6.3 Transition .......................................................................................................... 54 6.4 Impact ............................................................................................................... 55 7 IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................. 57 7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 57 7.2 IRC CSDU ........................................................................................................ 59 7.3 IRC Bukavu...................................................................................................... 60 7.4 IRC DRC........................................................................................................... 60 7.5 IRC Globally..................................................................................................... 61 7.6 Partner organisations......................................................................................... 61 7.7 Donors............................................................................................................... 62 7.8 Governmental institutions................................................................................. 63 7.9 Local communities............................................................................................ 63 7.10 Other INGOs..................................................................................................... 64 8 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................... 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 64 3 ANNEX I: IRC CAPACITY BUILDING PROCESS IN DETAIL ................................. 72 ANNEX II: Terms of Reference....................................................................................... 89 ANNEX III: Code of Conduct/Guidelines........................................................................ 92 ANNEX IV: Lists of Umbrella Grant Project Partners .................................................... 95 ANNEX V: Schedule of Research Activities ................................................................. 101 ANNEX VI: Methodology.............................................................................................. 104 4 ACRONYMS AED : Action pour l’Education aux Droits AFDL : Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Liberation du Congo AMI : Aide Medicale Internationale CAP : Congo en Action pour la Paix CBO : community-based organisation CD : country director CELPA : Communauté des Eglises Libres de Pentecoste en Afrique CODESA : comité de developpement et santé CSDU : Civil Society Development Unit DFID : Department for International Development DDR : de-mobilisation, disarmament, and re-integration DCI : Development Cooperation Ireland DRC : Democratic Republic of the Congo FARDC : Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo FHI : Food for the Hungry International GASAP : Group d’Actions Socio-Agro-Pastorales GTZ : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GBV : gender-based violence HIV : human immune-deficiency virus HJ : Heritiers de la Justice IDP : internally displaced person IRC : International Rescue Committee INGO : international non-governmental organisation MONUC : United Nations Mission to the Congo MRND : Mouvement Républicain Nationale Démocratique NGO : non-governmental organisation OFDA : US Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance OTI : Office of Transition Initiatives PAR : participatory action research PCDI : Post-Conflict Development Initiative PNPF : Programme National de Pisciculture Familiale PRA : participatory rural appraisal QIP ; quick impact project RCD : Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie SENASEM : Service National des Sémences SGBV : sexual and gender-based violence SNV : Service National de Vulgarisation STI : sexually transmitted infection TNG : Transitional National Government TOT : training of trainers UG : umbrella grant UGP : umbrella grant programme USAID : United States Agency for International Development VAS : violence d’aggression sexuelle VAW : violence against women Watsan : water and sanitation WFP : World Food Programme WWI : Women for Women International 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The increasing number of chronic crises in developing countries make it necessary to establish new ways to build local capacities in order to improve services to (increasingly) vulnerable populations. This study draws the conceptual and practical lessons from the IRC Ushirika/GBV partnership programmes in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both programmes build capacities of local organisations to deliver services and sustain themselves. The study also compares the IRC