Toxics-focused Biological Observation System (T-BiOS), Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program (PSEMP) Stormwater Action Monitoring 2015/16 Mussel Monitoring Survey Final Report August 9, 2017 Jennifer Lanksbury, Brandi Lubliner, Mariko Langness, and James West WDFW Report Number FPT 17-06 PublicationU information Data from the Stormwater Action Monitoring (SAM) program mussel monitoring will be available on Ecology’s Environmental Information Management (EIM) website at www.ecy.wa.gov/eim/index.htmU .U Search Study ID, RSMP_PMNM2015. Data from Pierce County will be under Study ID RSMP_PC_PMNM2015. Lead Author Contact information Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Jennifer Lanksbury, Fish & Wildlife Biologist P.O. Box 43200 Olympia, WA 98504-3200 (360) 902-2820 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. vii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Purpose of Survey ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Leveraging Existing State and Federal Efforts ............................................................................................... 8 Leveraging Pierce County’s Efforts ................................................................................................................ 9 Study Area and Site Selection ....................................................................................................................... 9 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Site Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Results and Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 11 Overview of Sampling Efforts ...................................................................................................................... 11 Spatial Weighting of SAM and Pierce County Mussel Monitoring Sites ................................................. 23 Spatial Extent of Nearshore Contamination ............................................................................................... 23 Statistical Analyses of Mussel Contaminant Concentrations on SAM Sites ............................................ 25 Municipal Land-Use Designations ........................................................................................................... 30 Watershed Land Use ............................................................................................................................... 34 Shoreline Land Use .................................................................................................................................. 38 In-Water Point Sources ........................................................................................................................... 38 Power of Statistical Tests to Distinguish Extent of Nearshore Contamination ....................................... 39 Ranges and Concentrations of Organic Contaminants and Metals in Mussels .......................................... 42 PAHs ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 PCBs ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 PBDEs ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 DDTs ........................................................................................................................................................ 53 Chlordanes .............................................................................................................................................. 53 Dieldrin .................................................................................................................................................... 53 HCHs ........................................................................................................................................................ 53 Other Organic Pollutants ......................................................................................................................... 54 i Mercury ................................................................................................................................................... 54 Arsenic ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 Cadmium ................................................................................................................................................. 60 Copper ..................................................................................................................................................... 62 Lead ......................................................................................................................................................... 65 Zinc .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 Biological Endpoints Overview .................................................................................................................... 71 Mortality.................................................................................................................................................. 71 Condition Index ....................................................................................................................................... 72 Tracking Changes Over Time ....................................................................................................................... 73 Power of Statistical Tests to Track Changes in Nearshore Contamination ............................................. 73 Recommendations for Future SAM Mussel Monitoring ............................................................................. 74 Monitoring Modifications ....................................................................................................................... 74 Future of Cooperative Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 76 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix 1: Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 85 Site Selection and Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 85 Site Selection Criteria .............................................................................................................................. 85 Site27T Evaluations ....................................................................................................................................... 85 Study Specimen and Sample Units .............................................................................................................. 86 Exposure ...................................................................................................................................................... 86 Laboratory Processing ................................................................................................................................. 86 Biological Endpoints ................................................................................................................................ 87 Condition Index ....................................................................................................................................... 87 Chemical Analyses ................................................................................................................................... 87 Data Analyses .............................................................................................................................................