The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Chemical Visualization of Latent Prints Author: Evan Durnal Document No.: 238008 Date Received: March 2012 Award Number: 2008-NI-CX-K012 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Chemical Visualization of Latent Prints Grant # 2008-NI-CX-K012 Final Report For National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs U.S. Department of Justice MRI Project No. 110636 July 30, 2010 i Preface The primary author of this report was Mr. Evan Durnal. The report was reviewed by Dr. James Egan and Mr. Tim Lanigan. This document was created in fulfillment of cooperative agreement contract # 2008-NI-CX-K012 Latent Print Chemical Visualization. This document was revised from the DRAFT final report based upon comments provided by The National Institute of Justice review panel. The period of performance for this contract was October 1, 2008 thru July 30, 2010. For technical questions or clarifications regarding this document, contact Dr. James Egan. MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE //s// Mr. Evan Durnal NIJ Technical Lead Approved: //s// Dr. James Egan NIJ Principal Investigator July 30, 2010 ii Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................. ii Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv Figures................................................................................................................................ iv Section 1. Executive Summary ..........................................................................................1 Section 2. Acronyms ..........................................................................................................4 Section 3. Introduction .......................................................................................................5 Section 4. Experimental Approach ....................................................................................7 4.1 Initial Solution Evaluation ........................................................................7 4.2 Porous & Non-Porous Substrate Evaluation ...........................................11 4.3 Volunteer Enrollment .............................................................................15 4.4 Fingerprint Stability Experiments ...........................................................16 4.5 Blind Study .............................................................................................17 Section 5. Results .............................................................................................................19 5.1 Porous & Non-Porous Substrate Results ................................................19 5.2 Stability Study Results ............................................................................27 5.3 Blind Study Results ................................................................................29 5.4 Blind Study Results ................................................................................30 Section 6. Conclusions and Path Forward .......................................................................34 6.1 Conclusions .............................................................................................34 6.2 Path Forward ...........................................................................................34 Appendix A ................................................................................................................... A - 1 Appendix B ....................................................................................................................B - 1 Appendix C ....................................................................................................................C - 1 Attachment I................................................................................................. Attachment I- 1 Attachment II ............................................................................................. Attachment II - 1 Attachment III ........................................................................................... Attachment III - 1 iii Tables Table 1. List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................4 Table 2. COTS Products Investigated ..................................................................................7 Table 3. Chemical Developers Investigated ........................................................................8 Table 4. Solvent Effects on Latent Prints ..........................................................................10 Table 5. Sample Matrix for Stability Study .......................................................................17 Table 6. Sample Matrix for Blind Study ............................................................................18 Table 7. Stability Study Sample Naming Scheme .............................................................28 Table 8. Non-Porous Stability Study Images Successfully Enrolled at Each Time Point and Environmental Condition .........................................................................28 Table 9. Blind Study Sample Naming Scheme ..................................................................31 Table 10. Blind Study Results ...........................................................................................33 Figures Figure 1. Phenolic resin developed with (A) blue-colored Leuco dye solution and (B) yellow-colored Leuco dye solution visualized under blue excitation wavelength ........................................................................................................1 Figure 2. Glass beaker treated with alcoholic phenolic resin solution followed by exposure to fluorescent Leuco dye. ..................................................................1 Figure 3. Microscopic digital image examining the bare metal protected by fingerprint oils versus acid-vapor corroded bare material ..................................................2 Figure 4. Digital photographs (A) before and (B) after exposure to iron salt solution. ......3 Figure 5. Unaltered photographs showing solvent impact on latent prints deposited on slides ...............................................................................................................10 Figure 6. Dip & Spray Set-up of Select Dye Solutions .....................................................11 Figure 7. Emission profile of blue LED measured by Horiba Jobin Yvon FluoroMax-3 fluorimeter ......................................................................................................13 Figure 8. The chemical structures for the lawsone and juglone isomers ...........................14 Figure 9. IRISCard Pro 4 business card scanner ................................................................15 Figure 10. DigitalPersona fingerprint scanner ...................................................................15 Figure 11. VeriFinger software graphical interface with actual image on left side and the extracted minutiae depicted on the right (in green) ........................................16 Figure 12. A stainless steel plate handled by fingersis placed within an inverted glass beaker. A small amount of Tek GelTM is placed in the vicinity of the metal surface for 24 hours. .......................................................................................19 Figure 13. Fingerprint ridge detail photographed after being treated for 24 hours with Tek GelTM; (A) finger coated with oils from forehead swipe and (B) finger not coated with oils. ..............................................................................................20 Figure 14. Latent prints developed with phenolic resin on glass slide (left image) and aluminum can (right image) with blue LED excitation ..................................21 iv Figure 15. Pictorial representation of phenolic resin dusting and development: latent deposition (top left); phenolic resin application (top right); excess resin removal (bottom left); and Leuco dye exposure (bottom right). ....................21 Figure 16. Phenolic resin dissolution in organic solvent vapors occurs extremely rapidly. The small image is phenolic resin particles dusted onto calibrated oil lines ..22 Figure 17. Digital photograph of individual print from beaker in Figure 1 .......................23 Figure 18. Latent print developed with modified Nile Blue solution on glazed ceramic (left image) and white copier paper (right image) ..........................................25 Figure 19. Digital photographs of juglone-treated white copier paper: (A) water exposure, (B) zoomed-in photo of A, and (C) after iron mordant process .....................26 Figure 20. Ridge detail enhanced by fluorescence after background paper fiber fluorescence quenched by mordant process ...................................................27 Figure 21. Day 0 Stability Print after Photoshop Enhancement ........................................29