(ISBN: 0-943610-45-1) AVIAN MONOGAMY EDITED BY PATRICIA ADAIR GOWATY AND DOUGLAS W. MOCK Department of Zoology University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019 ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS NO. 37 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1985 AVIAN MONOGAMY ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS This series, published by the American Ornithologists' Union, has been estab- lished for major papers too long for inclusion in the Union's journal, The Auk. Publication has been made possiblethrough the generosityof the late Mrs. Carll Tucker and the Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation, Inc. Correspondenceconcerning manuscripts for publication in the seriesshould be addressedto the Editor, Dr. David W. Johnston,Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030. Copies of Ornithological Monographs may be ordered from the Assistant to the Treasurer of the AOU, Frank R. Moore, Department of Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Southern Station Box 5018, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406. (See price list on back and inside back covers.) OrnithologicalMonographs,No. 37, vi + 121 pp. Editors of Ornithological Monographs, Mercedes S. Foster and David W. Johnston Special Reviewers for this issue, Walter D. Koenig, Hastings Reservation, Star Route Box 80, Carmel Valley, CA 93924; Lewis W. Oring, De- partment of Biology,Box 8238, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202 Authors, Patricia Adair Gowaty, Department of BiologicalSciences, Clem- son University, Clemson, SC 29631; Douglas W. Mock, Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 First received, 23 August 1983; accepted29 February 1984; final revision completed 8 October 1984 Issued October 17, 1985 Price $11.00 prepaid ($9.00 to AOU members). Library of CongressCatalogue Card Number 85-647080 Printed by the Allen Press,Inc., Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Copyright ¸ by the American Ornithologists'Union, 1985 ISBN: 0-943610-45-1 ii AVIAN MONOGAMY EDITED BY PATRICIA ADAIR GOWATY AND DOUGLAS W. MOCK Department of Zoology University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 73019 ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS NO. 37 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1985 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTIONTO THENEGLECTED MATING SYSTEMby Douglas W. Mock ........................................................................................................................................................1 SEXUAL SELECTION AND MONOGAMY ..................................................................................................1 PUZZLES OF MONOGAMY ......................................................................................................................................3 GENERAL FACTORS FAVORING THE EVOLUTION OF MONOGAMY ...................... 4 SOME FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ...............................................................................................5 THE COMPONENT CHAPTERS ............................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2. MULTIPLE PARENTAGE AND APPARENT MONOGAMY IN BIRDS by Patricia Adair Gowaty .................................................................................................................................11 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................11 APPARENT MONOGAMY AND MULTIPLE PARENTAGE .......................................................12 MULTIPLE PARENTAGE IN APPARENTLY MONOGAMOUS EASTERN BLUE- BIgDS ................................................................................................................................................................................13 EXPLANATIONS FOR MULTIPLE PARENTAGE .................................................................................14 CATEGORIES OF MISDIRECTED PARENTAL CARE AND UNCERTAINTY OF MATERNITY ..............................................................................................................................................................16 CONCEPTS OF MATING SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 3. THE ORGANIZATION OF BEHAVIOR AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUALLYSELECTED TRAITS by Nancy Burley ......................................................................22 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................22 THE PROBLEMS ..................................................................................................................................................................24 SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM ............. 26 EVIDENCE FOR GAPs AND PRPs ...............................................................................................................31 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................................................42 CHAPTER 4. MATE PREFERENCESAND MATING PATTERNS OF CANVASBACKS (ArTHrA •'Aœ•$•VER•a)by Cynthia K. Bluhm .........................................................................45 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................45 METHODS .................................................................................................................................................................................47 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................48 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................55 APPENDIX I ...........................................................................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 5. VARIATIONSON MONOOAMYIN CANVASBACKS(.4 YTHYA L•S•NER•) by Michael G. Anderson ..................................................................................................57 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................57 METHODS .................................................................................................................................................................................58 RESULTS .....................................................................................................................................................................................59 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER 6. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATE- GIESOF DABBLINGDUCKS by Frank McKinney ...................................................................68 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................68 SEASONAL MONOGAMY: THE BASIC ANAS MATING SYSTEM ..................................69 iv REVIEW OF MALE MATE-SUPPORT ROLES ......................................................................................71 BENEFITS OF MONOGAMY TO MALES AND FEMALES ..........................................................74 SECONDARY REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES COMBINED WITH MONOGAMY .... 75 COMPARISON WITH OTHER AVIAN MATING SYSTEMS ......................................................81 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................81 CHAPTER 7. ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF MONOGAMY IN THE TRUMPET MANUCODEM.4NUCODI.4 KERAUDRENII (AVEs: PARADISAEIDAE) by Bruce Beehler ........................................................................................................................................................................................83 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................83 METHODS .................................................................................................................................................................................85 RESULTS .....................................................................................................................................................................................87 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................................................92 CHAPTER 8. THE INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHY ON THE EVOLUTION OF MONOGAMYby Bertram G. Murray, Jr........................................................................................