1 An Abstract of the Five Migrations of the Hakkas invasions of locusts. The non-Han Chinese tribes of the Turkic By Chung Yoon-Ngan Hakka Global Network Xiong Nu, the Jie, the Xian Bei, the Di and the Qiang took advantage of the anarchy and established themselves into political Overseas Hakkas claim that their ancestors have moved five and armed units. In 304 AD the Di founded a kingdom in the times. western part of the country, the Xiong Nu proclaimed the formation of a kingdom in south Shaaxi. The historians called this period 1. Their first migration was at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty “Wu Hu Luan Hua” The Invasion of the Five Barbarians. (265 AD to 317 AD). In 311 AD Liu Zong the chieftain of Xiong Nu seized Luo Yang, the capital of Jin and captured Emperor Hui who was later 2. The second migration took place in around 874AD just before executed. The 14 years old Si-Ma Ye, a nephew of Emperor Hui, the end of the Tang Dynasty (618 AD to 907 AD). was installed as Emperor Min in Chang An in Shaanxi by a relative. 3. The third migration was due to the conquest of the Mongols In 316 AD another leader of the Xion Nu tribe overran Chang An and the collapse of the Song Dynasty (960 AD to 1279 AD). and captured Emperor Min who was later killed by the conquerors. 4. The fourth migration of the Hakkas occurred between 1680 AD It was the end of the Jin Dynasty. to 1720 AD after the Manchus had established their Dynasty Due to the famine, the political and economic chaos in North of Qing (1644AD to 1911AD). China en masse of Han Chinese fled southward to the safety regions south of the Yangtze River. In 317 AD Si-Ma Rui set up a 5. The fifth and the last took place after the destruction of the new Dynasty called Eastern Jin in Jian Kang (present day Nanking Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851 AD to 1864 AD). city) and installed himself as Emperor Yuan. The exodus of Han Chinese continued to move into south of Yangtze River. They The First Migration were the powerful family groups and they established political units (Around 311 AD to 317 AD) to control over their new homes. They swamped the regions Towards the end of the Han Dynasty (206BC to 220AD) the where it is now called the provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi and land was divided by the three most powerful generals during that Anhwei. It was estimated that more than a million people had time. In the North was Cao Cao, in the region of South and emigrated to the South. Southeast of the Yangtze River was Sun Quan and Liu Bei in There were feuds between the emigrants and the locals mostly Sichuan, the Western part of the land. Cao Cao, who was the over the seizure of lands by the new comers. The locals Prime Minister of the Han Court, died in 220AD and his son Cao Pi nicknamed them “Cang Ren” reckless fellows among them were succeeded him as the new Prime Minister. Without hesitation Cao the forebears of the Hakka People. Although the new Dynasty of Pi dethroned Emperor Xian of the Han Court and established his Eastern Jin had made a few attempts to recover the North, own Dynasty called Wei in 220AD with the capital in Luo Yang in Emperor Yuan and the new comers were contented with their new Henan province. found and fertile land in the South. As a result the Chinese The following year Liu Bei established his Kingdom called Su in population in the South increased by several folds and the non- the Western part of the land with the capital in Chengdu in Sichuan Han Chinese in the South were Sinicized by these Diaspora. province. In 229 AD Sun Quan proclaimed the formation of his Kingdom with the capital in Jian Ye (present day Nanjing) in The Second Migration of the Hakkas Jiangsu province. The historians called this period the Romance of (Around 874AD) the Three Kingdoms with incessant warfare for more than 50 In Northern China, Tuo-Ba (surname) Gui, the leader of the years. Xian Bei tribe, destroyed the military power of the other tribes of In 260 AD Cao Huan was installed as Emperor Yuan of the Wei Turkic Xiong Nu, the Jie, the Di and the Qiang. Thus the whole of Dynasty and his Prime Minister was Si-Ma Yan. The Kingdom of Northern China came under his control. In 386 AD Tuo-Ba Gui Su was conquered by Wei Dynasty in 263 AD. In 265 AD Emperor established his Dynasty called Later Wei (386 AD to 534 AD). He Yuan was dethroned by his Prime Minister Si-Ma Yan who titled himself as Emperor Dao Wu (386 AD to 409 AD) and established his own Dynasty called Jin. Si-Ma Yan installed himself employed many Han-Chinese to administer his government. About as Wu Di (Emperor Wu) of Jin Dynasty. He subjugated the half of the population in his domain were Han-Chinese. Gradually, Kingdom of Wu in 280 AD. Thus Si-Ma Yan unified the country the Han Chinese subjects were Sinicizing many of the citizens of which had an estimated population of 16,163,863. Xian Bei origin. In 471 AD Yuan Hong was installed as Emperor Si-Ma Yan was not only a drunkard but also a debauchee who Xiao Wen (471 AD to 499 AD). He proclaimed that all the people could not tolerate criticism. He kept thousands of young and of Xian Bei descent should be sinicized. He decreed four steps beautiful girls in his palace as his concubines. He could punish that Xian Bei people should do: any official who dare to expostulate with him on his debauchery. Si-Ma Yan died in 290 AD and was succeeded by his son Si-Ma (1) to adopt Han Chinese surnames. He and his children adopted Zhong who was crowned as Emperor Hui. Si-Ma Zhong was a Yuan as their surname as his name was Yuan Hong. moron who did not have the ability to govern such a large country. (2) to encourage Xian Bei people to speak only Han language He allowed his wife Empress Gu Nan-Feng to take charge of the and to adopt Han model of administration in government administration. She used her husband’s authority to manipulate offices. with power and the country fell apart in a civil war which was called (3) to inspire Xian Bei and Han Chinese to intermarriage. the Rebellion of the Eight Princes that lasted from 290 AD to 305 (4) forbid Xian Bei people to wearing their tribal costume. AD. Eventually Empress Gu died in the general chaos. As a result of the civil war the situation of the country The sinicization was a great success and people of Xian Bei deteriorated into famine which followed by droughts and the origin considered themselves as Han Chinese. People of other 2 tribes followed suit and sinicizing themselves as Han Chinese too. peasants and staged a uprising which was called Autumn Harvest Thus North China became a melting pot and the population living Uprising in Hunan province. After the collapse of the uprising Mao there considered themselves as Han Chinese. Zedong congregated about 800 men and 80 rifles, the remnants of In 420 Liu Yu dethroned Si-Ma De Zong the last Emperor of the uprising. They climbed the Jing Gang Shan and established Eastern Jin and established the Song Dynasty. This period was the first Red revolutionary base in these mountains. Jing Gang called the Dynasties of South and North which lasted until 581AD Shan is a massive mountain ranges, lying between the two when Yang Jian unified the whole of China under his Dynasty of provinces of Jiangxi and Hunan. There were only five villages, at Sui (581AD to 618AD). In 618AD Li Yuan, a general in the Sui that time, in this region of 900 square kilometers. All the families armed forces, seized the throne from Emperor Gong, the last were Hakkas whose forefathers came from the north several Emperor of Sui and founded the Tang Dynasty (618 AD to 907 AD). hundred years ago. (Selected Works of Mao Zedong Vol.1) Tang Dynasty was the most resplendent in all Chinese history. It was the golden age of Chinese culture. Tang Dynasty was super The Third Migration of the Hakkas in political and economic organization and in religious too. The (960 AD to1279 AD) influence of Tang civilization in Asia was at its apex. Chang An, the capital of Tang, was the central for studying classical poetry and The third started in around 1274 AD during the Song Dynasty. Buddhism. After the revolt of An Lu Shan in 757AD the Tang The Hakka People fled from the conquering Mongolian armies. government began to deteriorate. Population growth and the The provinces of the middle and south China were already settled declining administrative efficiency were the main causes that by the earlier migrants. They had to settle farther south. They impoverished the people and followed by famine. arrived in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan and North In 874AD a peasant uprising occurred in Hua Zhou (present Vietnam. (The original version was not located in the web). day Hua county in Henan province) and its leader was Wang Xian The Third Migration of the Hakka People by chungyn Sun. Zhi. The following year another peasant rebellion, with its leader Jan.