On the Custom of Naming Artefacts e Bjarne Rogan cl Rogan, Bjarne 1990: On the Custom of Naming Artefacts. -Ethnologia Europaea XX: 47-60. I. Our attitudes to the material objects of everyday life vary as much as our attitudes to people. The comparison is intentional, because we treat some of these objects as we treat human beings: we give them proper names. All artefacts carry s some sort of meaning: they are medium for technical information and for social messages, but also for personal attitudes. Named artefacts may shed light on the latter category of meaning. The naming may be simple convention, but it may also be contended that these objects are - or have been - invested with more meaning than most artefacts. This essay discusses the practice and meaning of naming, and argues for a conception of meaning that is based on experience, rather than on cognition. l . Head curator, dr. Bjarne Rogan, lnstitutt for kultur- og samfunnsfag, Avdeling for etnologi, Universitetet i Oslo. Bygdoynesveien 37, 0287 Oslo 2. ration to generation through oral and literary [. From Roland's sword to jumbojets traditions. Many Norwegians will nod in recog­ A sei mei:sme la cumencet a pleindre: nition when Moses and Aron are mentioned, l- E! Durendal, cum es bele e clere e blanche! the two veteran canons that greeted the Ger­ L- Cuntre soleill si luises e reflambes! man invasion army in April 1940. Lunik and '· (La chanson de Roland 1.2312-15. Count Ro­ Sojus, Challenger and Columbia have become land speaking to himself, or rather to his familiar to millions through modern mass sword, in his last agony. Text from c. 1100). media. Spears and rifles, small boats and big 11 ships, houses and cottages, locomotives and Well, Faithful, that's your shooting for today. areoplanes, mainframes and space carriers ... ... Come on, Old Faithful, that's enough rabbits The list is not exhausted. The custom of nam­ ... (From the movie The problem with Harry, ing certain types of artefacts has a long tradi­ ,. A.Hitchcock 1955. A hunter in Vermont, USA, tion in western culture. It thrives in our "ratio­ chatting to his shotgun) nal and enlightened" society, just as it did in "the dark, superstitious" middle ages. What do they have in common, a sword of a Onomastics, or the study of proper names, medieval hero and a modern hunter's shotgun? has been a field for grammarians and linguists. Not very much, apparently, apart from the fact Its main object is names of persons and places, that they have been invested with proper and its principal tools morphology and seman­ names. There is more than a millenium be­ tics. Somewhat simplified, we may say that the i. tween Durendal and Old Faithful. The one be­ linguist asks how objects are named. The nam­ d longs to medieval Europe and the other to the ing of artefacts, however, seems worth while to new world. The first name has become public investigate in a broader cultural perspective. :) property, the second is only a private pet name. The subject of this essay is why some artefacts Still, their individual names distinguish them are named. from the majority of artefacts. The practice of giving certain inanimate Their number is not insignificant. Sword things a proper name expresses a special atti­ names like Excalibur and Durendal, Tyrving tude towards those objects. This essay focuses and Gram, have been passed on from gene- not on the artefacts as such, but on people's 47 attitudes to things. An analysis of some named artefacts may elucidate certain aspects of the A note on works of fiction and the multifarious relationship between man and his study of usage surroundings. Artefacts sometimes function as a structuring For practical reasons a restricted number of element of a story, or help to put action for­ examples will be presented. Medieval weapons, ward. Medieval literature furnishes examples yesterday's hunting guns, and modern means of rings, swords, signal horns etc., all with of transport represent artefacts from different proper names, that play important, almost ac­ periods. This approach stresses the extension tive roles. and the continuity of the praxis and provides Modern examples are the use the Norwegian material for comparison. authors Gabriel Scott (1874-1958) and Mikkjel FS'lnhus (1894-1973) make of rifles in the nov­ els Fant and Josefa, and Reinsbukken pa Jo­ tunfjell . FS'lnhus (1926:5) announces the three Classification and meaning, actors in this way: "Those were the days when individualization and reference Sylvbukken [a reindeer buck] lived, when the ··- The subject is a phenomenon that manifests reindeer hunter Stuttleggen roamed the moun­ itself through language usage. Artefacts are tains with Langfredagsrifla [The Good Friday expressed by the grammatical category rifle]" .1 "nouns". Common nouns, or appellatives, are Scott (1928, 1930) uses the rifle Lensmanns­ lexical terms with a certain meaning. Their d(Jden [The Sheriff Killer] as the structuring function is to classify. Proper nouns have no element of the two novels. It appears as an meaning in the strictest sense (according to ominous sign on the first page, and follows the most grammarians), but a reference. Their protagonist at every crucial point. It is his re­ function is to individualize. Thus, the appella­ ified friend and his security in life, but also his tive sword has a lexical meaning and points to cruel destiny. a whole class of artefacts. The proper noun The naming of artefacts might thus possibly Excalibur has no meaning, but it has as refer­ be interpreted as poetic licence. However, ence a particular artefact - the sword that works of fiction can be valuable sources for the allegedly belonged to king Arthur. study of customs and usage, if the setting is There is no universal way to classify reality. fairly close in time and space to the author's Categories are arbitrary. Also, the types of ar­ own experience. No author will normally risk tefacts that are named may vary from culture being turned down by his public because of to culture, from one period to another. When a unreliability in details that they are familiar group gives an object a proper name, they are with. Fiction may thus mirror everyday life merely making use of a possibility offered by and bring to posterity information that other their conceptual system. written sources rarely supply. Actually, almost Rational and scientific western culture has all examples that we have of naming artefacts tended to regard as absolute the distinction in early periods derive from fiction. between animate and inanimate objects. But The literary use of proper names for guns is when live, non-human objects (animals) may confirmed by other sources, as shown below. be individualized by naming, and when live Sharp observers of society, these authors make human objects (slaves, and in some contexts use of popular customs to serve their own ends. soldiers, workers, women ...) may be classified Admittedly, they "overdo" it for artistic rea­ as nameless commodities, why not also individ­ sons, but that does not reduce the source value. ualize certain inanimate things? Most cultures With due consideration to poetic peculiar­ do, our own included. ities, we may also contend that the anonymous medieval authors did not "tell tales" that would offend the cognitive categories of their public. The fact that proper names are used over and 48 over again for some types of artefacts confirms this view. Example I: The medieval hero and his sword Medieval man had no reason to doubt that mysterious, non-human forces, good or evil, could descend into material objects. The holy Graal was one "proof', all the sacred relics an­ other . These objects - fictitious or real - were Christian symbols. 2 But medieval man sought inspiration, consolation and suspense in many types of objects. In mythology and legendary tales, arm rings and finger rings had a spe­ cially central position. 3 More than most objects, weapons must have occupied the minds of medieval men. Proper names for spears are known from mythology, and have also been found in Germanic runic 7 inscriptions, even on preserved remnants of > Fig. 1. Roland's death. In the first scene, Roland tries spears (KLNM vol.17:543). Literary sources in vain to destroy the sword Durendal by striking the and popular tradition tell about peasant weap­ rocks. In the second scene, he renders his life to the ons like bows and axes that carry proper archangel, symbolically expressed by handing over names. We also know of a few knives that have his gloves. In all three scenes we see the bugle horn been named. 4 with the proper name of Olifant, an artefact that plays an important role in the ballad. A whole army But above all, swords were individualized by is extinguished because Roland is too proud to blow names. We know approximately 170 Nordic it, even if he is continually urged to do so. From sword names from written medieval sources, 5 stanza to stanza, we are reminded that the voice of and the custom has survived in oral tradition Olifant would bring in reinforcements. 14th century miniature, library of Sankt Gallen, Switzerland. up to the 19th century. 6 To this can be added < an uncounted number of sword names in non­ f Nordic European literature. Two of these will province / Now held by Charles the Great ..." I' serve as examples: (1.2303-04, 2342-51) At the battle of Roncevaux the armies of t· Charles the Great fought the invading Arabs. Roland knows that death is approaching, and t The historical person Roland, count of Bre­ he desperately tries to destroy the sword by tagne, died there on the 15th of August 778.