Automation, Electrification, and Shared Mobility in Freight January 2020 A research report from University of California Institute of Transportation Studies Miguel Jaller, Associate Professor Carlos Otero, Ph.D. Student Elham Pourrahmani, Ph.D. Student Lew Fulton, Director, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. PSR-UCD-18-24 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Automation, Electrification, and Shared Mobility in Freight January 31, 2020 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Miguel Jaller, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4053-750X UCD-ITS-RR-20-24 Carlos Otero, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-0918 Elham Pourrahmani, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0155-813X Lew Fulton, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8292-3420 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. University of California, Davis N/A Institute of Transportation Studies 11. Contract or Grant No. 1605 Tilia Street, Suite 100 Caltrans 65A0674 Task Order 009 Davis, CA 95616 USDOT Grant 69A3551747109 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered California Department of Transportation Final Report (Feb 2019–Jan 2020) Division of Research, Innovation and System Information, MS-83 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 1727 30th Street, Sacramento, CA 95816 USDOT OST-R 15. Supplementary Notes DOI: https://doi.org/10.7922/G2RV0KZB 16. Abstract Understanding the potential benefits and unintended consequences of automation and electrification revolutions in freight is challenging for academics, practitioners, and decision-makers. On one hand, these revolutions could help mitigate the disproportionate impacts of freight transportation on externalities and improve efficiency; on the other hand, they could generate additional issues such as right-of-way conflicts, crashes, and traffic incidents. To shed light on these issues, this report conducts an extensive review of the state-of-the-practice of such innovations for both long-haul and last-mile freight distribution. The study concentrates on the potential barriers, challenges, and opportunities of the different innovations, and discusses the market readiness of some of the technologies. Finally, the authors discuss planning considerations for the advent and widespread use of these innovations, and provide research and policy considerations. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Freight transportation No restrictions. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 82 N/A Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized [Automation, Electrification, and Shared Mobility in Freight] Contents About the Pacific Southwest Region University Transportation Center ........................................ 4 U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Disclaimer ............................................................... 5 California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) Disclaimer ................................................. 5 Disclosure ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction and background .................................................................................................. 9 2. Potential of the 3Rs in Freight Transportation ...................................................................... 11 2.1 Electrification ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Automation ................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Shared Mobility: Crowdshipping .................................................................................. 13 2.4 The 3Rs’ Technologies: Strengths and Limitations ....................................................... 14 3. The leaders of the last-mile electrification and automation ................................................. 16 3.1 Long-haul Electrification and Automation Developments ........................................... 16 3.2 Last-mile Electrification and Automation Developments and Alternatives ................. 18 3.3 Crowdshipping: State-of-the-Practice .......................................................................... 20 4. Challenges and Opportunities for the 3Rs in Freight ............................................................ 23 4.1 All-electric Vans, Medium and Heavy-duty Trucks. ...................................................... 23 4.2 Electric Cargo Bikes ....................................................................................................... 25 4.3 AMRs ............................................................................................................................. 26 4.4 Drones ........................................................................................................................... 27 4.5 Autonomous Vans and Trucks ...................................................................................... 27 4.6 Role of Electrification and Automation in Logistics and Industry 4.0 ........................... 31 5. Fostering the 3Rs in Freight ................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Research ........................................................................................................................ 33 5.2 Policy and regulation alignment ................................................................................... 33 5.3 Governmental Support ................................................................................................. 34 5.4 Summary and Discussion .............................................................................................. 36 2 [Automation, Electrification, and Shared Mobility in Freight] 6. Conclusions and Final insights ............................................................................................... 40 7. References ............................................................................................................................. 43 Data Management Plan ................................................................................................................ 49 Appendix A. Long-haul Automation & Electrification Developments .......................................... 50 Appendix B. Last-mile Automation & Electrification Developments ............................................ 56 Appendix C. Regulations on drones in the U.S. ............................................................................ 65 Appendix D. Regulations on AMRs in the U.S. .............................................................................. 66 Appendix E. Regulations on electric bikes in U.S. ......................................................................... 67 Appendix F. Regulations on autonomous vehicles in the U.S. ..................................................... 71 Appendix G. Crowdshipping Initiatives ......................................................................................... 77 3 [Automation, Electrification, and Shared Mobility in Freight] About the Pacific Southwest Region University Transportation Center The Pacific Southwest Region University Transportation Center (UTC) is the Region 9 University Transportation Center funded under the US Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program. Established in 2016, the Pacific Southwest Region UTC (PSR) is led by the University of Southern California and includes seven partners: Long Beach State University; University of California, Davis; University of California, Irvine; University of California, Los Angeles; University of Hawaii; Northern Arizona University; Pima Community College. The Pacific Southwest Region UTC conducts an integrated, multidisciplinary program of research, education and technology transfer aimed at improving the mobility of people and goods throughout the region. Our program is organized around four themes: 1) technology to address transportation problems and improve mobility; 2) improving mobility for vulnerable populations; 3) improving resilience and protecting the environment; and 4) managing mobility in high growth areas. 4 [Automation, Electrification, and Shared Mobility in Freight] U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Disclaimer The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The report is funded, partially or entirely, by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program. However, the U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS)