Political Participation of National Minorities in the Danish-German Border Region A series of studies on two hard-to-identify populations in a role-model-region Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) an der Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Adrian Schaefer-Rolffs Hamburg, den 06.06.2016 Erstgutachter : Prof. Dr. Kai-Uwe Schnapp Zweitgutachterin : Prof. Dr. Tove Hansen Malloy Tag der Disputation : 26.09.2016 “Always the hard way. Nothing was ever handed to me. Always the hard way. You taught me truth, you gave me strength. I learned everything the hard way” (Nicholas Jett and Scott C. Vogel) Contents Contents Contents ............................................................................................. V List of tables ............................................................................................ IX List of figures .......................................................................................... XI Abbreviations ....................................................................................... XIII Acknowledgements ................................................................................ XV Part I. Introductory part ..................................... 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 3 1.1. Positioning and reflexivity .................................................................... 7 1.2. Relevant literature .................................................................................. 9 1.3. The research gap .................................................................................. 13 2. The papers’ scientific objectives ....................................................... 17 2.1. Applying a theoretical framework to the DGBR ............................ 17 2.2. Mapping national minority political participation mechanisms in the DGBR .................................................................................................... 19 2.3. Understanding what national minority members believe “minority” means ..................................................................................................... 22 2.4. Finding out what the minorities think about their political participation .......................................................................................... 26 Part II. Individual Papers .................................. 29 3. Minority Politics in Practice. Protection and Empowerment in the DGBR ............................................................................................. 31 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 31 3.2. The OHCHR Plan of Action ............................................................. 33 3.2.1. Challenges for human rights....................................................... 34 3.2.2. Responses to human rights challenges ..................................... 35 3.3. The Concepts ........................................................................................ 37 3.3.1. Protection ...................................................................................... 37 3.3.2. Empowerment .............................................................................. 39 3.4. Protection and Empowerment in the DGBR .................................. 43 3.4.1. Minority organizations ................................................................ 45 3.4.2. Special institutions for minority protection ............................. 47 3.4.3. Evaluation of protection and empowerment in the DGBR .. 49 V Contents 3.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 56 4. Mapping national minority politics. Expert interviews concerning national minority participation in the DGBR ................................... 61 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 61 4.2. Actors for minority participation in the DGBR .............................. 64 4.2.1. In Denmark ................................................................................... 66 4.2.2. In Germany ................................................................................... 69 4.3. Experts, elites and what they know ................................................... 71 4.3.1. Choosing interviewees due to their position ............................ 72 4.3.2. Choosing interviewees due to their knowledge ....................... 75 4.3.3. Elite interviewing .......................................................................... 77 4.3.3.1. Contacting the interviewees ................................................ 78 4.3.3.2. Conducting the interviews .................................................. 80 4.4. Analysis .................................................................................................. 83 4.5. Findings on minority politics in the DGBR ..................................... 88 4.5.1. Role model minority politics in the DGBR .............................. 88 4.5.2. Citizen contact .............................................................................. 93 4.5.3. Working relations ......................................................................... 96 4.5.3.1. National minority participation in Denmark .................... 96 4.5.3.2. National minority participation in Germany .................. 102 4.5.4. Important actors ......................................................................... 107 4.5.4.1. Concerning the Danish minority in Germany ............... 107 4.5.4.2. Concerning the German minority in Denmark ............. 108 4.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 110 5. My chancellor is in Berlin and my Queen in Copenhagen. National minority identity in the DGBR ........................................................ 117 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 117 5.2. Identity of minorities whose reference point is a nation .............. 119 5.2.1. Identity ......................................................................................... 120 5.2.2. Minority........................................................................................ 123 5.2.3. Nationality ................................................................................... 125 5.3. Identities of national minorities in DGBR ..................................... 126 VI Contents 5.3.1. Literature review on national minority identity in the DGBR ...................................................................................................... 127 5.3.2. Interviewing elite national minority members (qualitative) . 132 5.3.2.1. Analysing expert interviews on minority identity .......... 138 5.3.2.2. Elements of minority identity elites in the DGBR ....... 143 5.3.3. Telephone survey amongst national minority members (quantitative) ............................................................................... 152 5.4. Assembling the minority identity puzzle ........................................ 156 6. I can’t talk to you right now, it’s harvest time. RDS-survey amongst national minorities in the DGBR .................................................... 161 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 161 6.2. National minorities in the DGBR ................................................... 164 6.2.1. Contouring the status quo in the DGBR ............................... 165 6.2.2. Hard-to-reach populations in the DGBR .............................. 170 6.3. Past research and derived expectations ........................................... 172 6.4. Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) .............................................. 179 6.4.1. Implementing Respondent Driven Sampling ........................ 180 6.4.1.1. Formative Assessment ...................................................... 182 6.4.1.2. Seed Selection ..................................................................... 184 6.4.1.3. Network Sampling Procedure .......................................... 186 6.4.2. Analyzing Respondent Driven Sampling................................ 189 6.4.2.1. Personal network size ........................................................ 190 6.4.2.2. Convergence and Equilibrium ......................................... 192 6.4.2.3. Homophily .......................................................................... 193 6.5. Analysis ................................................................................................ 195 6.5.1. Socio demographics of RDS-populations in Germany and Denmark ...................................................................................... 195 6.5.2. Political interest representation in the DGBR ....................... 204 6.5.2.1. Best interest representation of the Danish minority in Germany .............................................................................. 205 VII Contents 6.5.2.2. Best interest representation of the German minority in Denmark .............................................................................. 211 6.5.2.3. Special institutions in the DGBR ..................................... 216 6.5.2.4. Concerning the German Secretariat in Copenhagen