AN EDITION WITH COMMENTARY OF SELECTED EPIGRAMS OF CRINAGORAS Maria Ypsilanti University College London University of London Ph.D. in Classics July, 2003 ProQuest Number: 10014445 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10014445 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The present work is an edition with commentary o f selected epigrams o f Crinagoras, the poet who was among the first Greek authors who wrote poetry for the imperial court of Rome and exercised a decisive influence on Latin court poets o f the following century, mainly Martial. I have dealt with all fifty-one o f the poet’s extant epigrams but I submit only about half o f them, being restricted by the word-limit set for Ph.D. Theses by the regulations o f the University o f London.* The selection was not an easy one; in the present thesis I have tried to include epigrams which are representative o f the subjects Crinagoras writes about and raise interesting issues in regard to language and content. The historical and social context o f the epigrams together with a discussion about their possible dating is briefly displayed in the introduction to each one; explicit or implicit information about life and practices o f the time is also traced in the commentary on the poems. The most important variants o f the mss’ readings, scholars’ conjectures and, a couple o f times, my own suggestions for difficult passages appear in the apparatus criticus and are discussed in the commentary, which constitutes a detailed, word by word analysis o f each poem. I offer a brief survey o f the usage o f the words and expressions in previous poetry, starting from Homer, with special reference to epigram, and discuss the extent to which their present usage is close to or remote from the literary tradition. I also refer to ancient discussions o f words and phrases which help to clarify their meaning or explain certain grammatical forms. Crinagoras’ poetry is placed in the Greek epigrammatic tradition through observations about motifs and literary topoi, moreover, echoes o f passages o f Homer and other poets in Crinagoras as well as Crinagorean echoes in later poets are investigated, and parallel Latin passages o f certain images or phrasings are referred to whenever appropriate. The main stylistic features o f Crinagoras’ poetry are summarised in the introduction as is also our extant evidence about the poet’s life, social status, conditions under which he wrote and relations with other contemporary poets. * The books and articles listed in the bibliography are those consulted for the whole of Crinagoras’ work and not only for the submitted epigrams. CONTENTS Page ACKOWLEDGEMENTS 5 ABBREVIATIONS 6 SIG LA 7 INTRODUCTION LIFE AND WORK 8 LANGUAGE AND STYLE; Dialect 18 Latinisms 18 "A na^ Xcyôfieua 18 Homericisms 19 Apostrophes 19 Inconcinnitas 21 Structure 21 Brevity 22 METRE: General Correption 24 Short vowels before mute+ liquid or nasal consonants 24 Movable nu 25 Hiatus 25 Hexameter Caesuras 26 The syllable before the masculine caesura 26 Bucolic diaeresis 26 Trisyllabic proparoxytone hexameter-ends 26 Spondees 27 Hermann's Bridge 27 Wernicke's Law 28 M eyer’s Laws 28 Fifth-foot breaks 29 Elision 29 Pentameter Accented pentameter ends 30 The syllable before the caesura 30 Elision 30 Homoioteleuton and agreement between pentameter ends 31 TESTIMONIA 32 C O M M EN TA R Y 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY 223 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, M r Alan Griffiths, for his time and wide knowledge which he promptly placed at my disposal during my work on the present doctoral thesis and which saved me from many errors. M y thanks are also due to Dr. Stephen Instone and Professors Chris Carey, Gerassimos Chryssafis, Richard Janko and Cornelia Romer for their useful criticism, suggestions and advice at various stages o f my work. I am also gratefiil to the State Scholarships Foundation o f the Republic o f Greece for financing my studies and to the staff o f the Library o f the Institute o f Classical studies who facilitated my research. ABBREVIATIONS AP Anthologia Palatina API Anthologia Planudea AApp E. Cougny, Epigrammatum Anthologia Palatina, vol. 3 (Paris 1890) CEL Carmina Latina EpigraphicaÇLevpùg 1895-7, 1926) CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIRB Corpus Inscriptionum Regni Bosporiani (Leningrad 1965) Enc. Brit. Encyclopaedia Britannica FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin, Leiden 1923-1999) Fraser-Matthews P.M. Fraser-E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vols. I (The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica), I I I A (The Peloponnese, Western Greece, Sicily and Magna Graecia), I I I B (Central Greece from the Megarid to Thessaly), (Oxford 1987, 1997, 2000) Osbome-Byme M l Osbome-S G Byrne, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vol. II (Attica), (Oxford 1994) GDI Sammlung der griechishen Dialekt-Inschriften (Gottingen 1884- 1915) G? H E A. S. F. Gow and D. L. Page, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, 2 vols. (Cambridge 1965) GPGP A. S. F. Gow and D. L Page, The Greek Anthology: The Garland o f Philip, 2 vols. (Cambridge 1968) Or. Or. Grammatici Graeci, 6 vols. (Leipzig 1965) IG Incriptiones Graecae K -G R. Kühner, rev. B Gerth, Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, 2 vols, in 2 parts (Hanover and Leipzig 1898) LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae (Zurich, Munich, Dübeldorf 1981-1999) LSI H. G. Liddell and H. S. Scott, rev. R. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9*^ ed. (Oxford 19H0 : 0 Lewis & Short C. T. Lewis-C. Short, A Latin Dictionary (Oxford 1879, repr. 1966) MAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua Migne PG P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca MDAI Mitteilungen des deutschen Archdologischen Instituts OCD S. Homblower-A. Spawforth, The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 2000) Page FGE D. L Page, Further Greek Epigrams (Cambridge 1981) Page PMG D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford 1962) RE A. F. von Pauly - G. Wissowa, Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenshaft (1894-1997) SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris Thes. H. Stephanas, Thesaurus Graecae Linguae (Paris 1831-65) SIGLA Codex Anthologiae Palatinae (Palat. 23+Paris.Suppl. Gr. 384) pa pD epigrammatum eorum quae in P bis exarantur prima et altera transcriptio J codicis P partim librarius, alibi lemmatista C codicis P corrector PI Codex Anthologiae Planudeae (Ven.Marc. 481) ac ante correctionem pc post correctionem s.a.n. sine auctoris nomine apogr. apographa Ap.B. Apographon cod. Buheriani Ap. G Apographon Guietianum Ap.L. Apographon Lipsiense Ap. R. Apographon Ruhnkenianum edd.vett. editiones veteres Et. M . Etymologicum Magnum Suda Sudae Lexicon INTRODUCTION Life and Work 'O f]0oTTOLÔ9 TTOU €<^€pav yià yà toù? ÔLaoKeôdaeL dirfiyyeiXe kql |iepLKà tTTLypdiiiiaTa èKXeKxd. 'H aiOoixja àvoiye otov kt^tto èiravo}' k ’ elx^ pidi/ èXa(|)pà euwdia àvQé(x)v TTOÙ kviiwovrav |iè xd p.upwÔLKd Twy Tïévre dpo)p.aTLap.éyü)y SiSwyLwy vé(ûv. ALa|3da0TiKav MeXéaypoç, kol Kpivayopaç, kqI Piayog/ Thus opens the poem Néoi Tfjs* ^Ldwyog (400 p.X.), written in 1920 by Constantinos Cavafis, the poet from Alexandria who enjoyed the scrupulous study o f ancient Greek and Byzantine authors, especially Polybius, Plutarch, the Greek Anthology, and other sources o f Hellenistic times and late Antiquity, based on which he built the setting o f most o f his poems. Sixty-seven years after the composition o f the “Youths o f Sidon”, Odysseas Elytis remarks that there is no other reason for the particular selection in this poem o f these three poets from among all the Greek epigrammatists than the “euphonic alchemy” brought about by the juxtaposition of their names: MeXéaygoç kqI Kpz i^ayopag kqI Elytis’ interest in Crinagoras’ poetry and the rendering o f his epigrams into modem Greek stems from the two poets’ common origin from the island o f Lesbos; similar motives moved Elytis to render into modem Greek the poetry o f Sappho. The epigrammatist’s case is interesting for his modem fellow-countryman, as Crinagoras’ career outside the island is now safely established by extemal evidence, apart from the indications offered in the poems. Fifty-one o f Crinagoras’ epigrams have been transmitted to us under his name. Evidence for his life and activity is provided by a number o f inscriptions found in Mytilene and published in 1888 by Conrad Cichorius and enriched later by other fragments discovered and published by Paton.^ These are: a) IG 12.2.54. A small fragment o f remains o f four lines from which no information can be extracted. It might be supplemented KpLva'yôp]a[ç] KaXXL[TT7Tou. b) IG 12.2.35a: it records a reply to a decree o f honours conveyed by ten ambassadors on behalf o f Mytilene, among which Kpimyopa? KaXXLTTTiou appears in the third place. ’ “The actor they’d brought in to entertain them / also recited a few choice epigrams. / The room opened out on the garden / and a delicate odor of flowers / mingled with the scent / of the five perfumed young Sidonians. / There were readings from Meleager, Krinagoras, Rhianos”, translated by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard.