Abbreviations General A Afʿel ABH Archaic Biblical Hebrew ACC accusative ADV adverbial Akk. Akkadian ALL allative Ass Assyrian Atr. Atra-ḫasīs BA Biblical Aramaic Bab Babylonian BH Biblical Hebrew C common CBH Classical Biblical Hebrew* COMPL complex hypotaxis CPA Christian Palestinian Aramaic D D-stem DEF definite DU dual DUR durative EA Eastern Aramaic EA El Amarna letters EBH Early Biblical Hebrew* EE Enuma Eliš ELC explicit, lexicalized constituent EMPH emphatic F feminine frg. fragment G G-stem GAp Genesis Apocryphon GEN genitive Gilg. Gilgameš GN geographical name H Hafʿel IH Israelian Hebrew * This term has different definitions in the various essays. xiii xiv Abbreviations IMP imperative IND indicative INDF indefinite INF infinitive IRR irrealis JBA Jewish Babylonian Aramaic JH Judahite Hebrew JPA Jewish Palestinian Aramaic kjv King James Version of the Bible LBH Late Biblical Hebrew LSLA Late Standard Literary Aramaic M masculine Ma Mandaic MA Middle Assyrian MB Middle Babylonian MH Mishnaic Hebrew MT Masoretic Text NAPH National Association of Professors of Hebrew NEG negative NG noun group njps New Jewish Publication Society version of the Bible nrsv New Revised Standard Version of the Bible NOM nominative NP noun phrase NWS Northwest Semitic OA Old Aramaic OA Old Assyrian (only in Kowenberg, pp. 433–451) OB Old Babylonian obl. oblique OfA Official Aramaic OSA Old South Arabian OT Old Testament P passive stem PAR participle PASS passive PERF perfect PL plural PN personal name POSS possessive PRET preterite PS Proto-Semitic PST past QA Qumran Aramaic RECP reciprocal RH Rabbinic Hebrew REL relative Abbreviations xv rev. reverse RIS Ras Ibn Hani RS/RSO Ras Shamra / Ras Shamra–Ougarit S singular Sef. Sefire SA Samaritan Aramaic SB Standard Babylonian SBH Standard Biblical Hebrew* SBJV subjunctive SLA Standard Literary Aramaic SUB subordinator / subordination Syr Syriac t infixt TA Targumic Aramaic WA Western Aramaic Reference Works AB Anchor Bible AfO Archiv für Orientforschung AHw Von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–81 ALASP Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syren-Palästinas und Mesopotamiens ANEP Pritchard, J. B., editor. The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969 ANES Ancient Near Eastern Studies AnOr Analecta Orientalia ARM Archives royales de Mari AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AoF Altorientalische Forschungen AOS American Oriental Series AS Assyriological Studies BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BBB Bonner biblische Beiträge BDB Brown, F.; Driver, S. R.; and Briggs, C. A. Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 BE Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium BHS Elliger, K., and Rudolph, W., editors. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1984 Bib Biblica BibOr Biblica et Orientalia BN Biblische Notizen BO Bibliotheca Orientalis * This term has different definitions in the various essays. xvi Abbreviations BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CAD Oppenheim, A. L., et al., editors. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 21 vols. (A–Z). Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1956–2011 CahRB Cahiers de la Revue Biblique CAL Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. http://cal1.cn.huc.edu CAT Dietrich, M.; Loretz, O.; and Sanmartín, J. The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani, and Other Places. 2nd ed. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995 CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CIS Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum CRAIBL Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres CTA Herdner, A., editor. Corpus des tablettes en cunéiformes alphabétiques. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1963 Dar Strassmaier, J. N. Inschriften von Darius, König von Babylon. Babylonische Texte 10–12. Leipzig: Pfeiffer, 1892–97 DJA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Judean Aramaic. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2003 DJBA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press / Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002 DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DJPA Sokoloff, M. A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period. 2nd ed. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press / Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002 DNWSI Hoftijzer, J., and Jongeling, K. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1995 DSA Tal, A. A Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2000 DSD Dead Sea Discoveries ErIsr Eretz-Israel FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament GAG Von Soden, W. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik. 2nd ed. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969 GKC Kautzsch, E., editor. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910 HALOT Koehler, L.; Baumgartner, W.; and Stamm, J. J. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–2000 HAR Hebrew Annual Review HO Handbuch der Orientalistik HS Hebrew Studies HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IEJ Israel Exploration Journal Abbreviations xvii IOS Israel Oriental Studies JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JEOL Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Gezelschap (Genootschap) Ex Oriente Lux JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. http://www.jhsonline.org JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JSOTsup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series JSS Journal of Semitic Studies KAI Donner, H., and Röllig, W. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1966–69 KTU Dietrich, M.; Loretz, O.; and Sanmartín, J., editors. Die Keilalpha- betischen Texte aus Ugarit. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 24. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker / Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1976 Leš Lešonénu LSAWS Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic MARI MARI: Annales de recherche interdisciplinaires MDOG Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft MRS Mission de Ras Shamra MVAG Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-ägyptischen Gesellschaft OBO Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta Or Orientalia (n.s.) OtSt Oudtestamentische Studiën PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly PIHANS Publications de l’Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stambul RB Revue biblique RBL Review of Biblical Literature RevQ Revue de Qumran SAA State Archives of Assyria SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SBLRBS Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Study SBLWAW Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World SBS Stuttgarter Bibelstudien SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament SMEA Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici SR Studies in Religion SSN Studia Semitica Neerlandica STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah SubBi Subsidia Biblica xviii Abbreviations SyrLex Sokoloff, M. A Syriac Lexicon. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns / Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2009 TAD Porten, B., and Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Vols. A–D. Jerusalem: Academon, 1986–99 TCL Textes Cunéiformes du Louvre TDT1 Yardeni, A. Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Documentary Texts from the Judaean Desert, A: The Documents. Jerusalem: Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, 2000 [Hebrew] UF Ugarit-Forschungen VT Vetus Testamentum VTSup Vetus Testamentum Supplements WO Die Welt des Orients YOS Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie ZAH Zeitschrift für Althebraistik ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft.