Industrial symbiosis, a model of strong sustainability: An analysis of two case studies, Tampico and Dunkirk Manuel Morales To cite this version: Manuel Morales. Industrial symbiosis, a model of strong sustainability: An analysis of two case studies, Tampico and Dunkirk. Economics and Finance. Université Clermont Auvergne, 2019. English. tel- 02539675 HAL Id: tel-02539675 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02539675 Submitted on 10 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Economiques, Juridiques, Politiques et de gestion Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Développement International (CERDI) Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, CERDI, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France Industrial symbiosis, a model of strong sustainability: An analysis of two case studies, Tampico and Dunkirk Thèse présentée et soutenue publiquement le 21/Juin/2019 pour l’obtention du titre de Docteur en Sciences Economiques par Manuel E. MORALES sous la direction de Arnaud DIEMER (UCA), Gemma CERVANTES (DeLaSalle-Bajio)et Suren ERKMAN (UNIL) Membres du Jury Claude-Gilles DUSSAP Professor, Université Clermont Auvergne Président du jury Paul JAMES Professor, Western Sydney University Rapporteur Nicolas BUCLET Professeur, Université Grenoble Alpes Rapporteur Arnaud DIEMER Associate Professor, Université Clermont Auvergne Directeur de thèse Professor, La Salle Bajio University, Industrial Ecology Gemma CERVANTES Directrice de thèse Research Group Professor, University of Lausanne, Institute for Earth Suren ERKMAN Directeur de thèse Surface Dynamics Raffaella TADDEO Fellow Researcher, University of Pescara Suffragant Associate Professor, Université de Technologie de Sabrina BRULLOT Sufraggant Troyes L’université Clermont Auvergne n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse. Ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à l’auteur. “Static and mechanistic analysis, however, is not adequate to understand the changing world in which we live. In order to adequately address the most pressing social and environmental challenges looming ahead, we need to develop analytical tools for analyzing dynamic situations” Elinor Ostrom (2011) Déclaration sur l’honneur contre le plagiat Je soussigné, Manuel E. MORALES Certifie qu’il s’agit d’un travail original et que toutes les sources utilisées ont été indiquées dans leur totalité. Je certifie, de surcroît, que je n’ai ni recopié ni utilisé des idées ou des formulations tirées d’un ouvrage, article ou mémoire, en version imprimée ou électronique, sans mentionner précisément leur origine et que les citations intégrales sont signalées entre guillemets. Conformément à la loi, le non-respect de ces dispositions me rend passible de poursuites devant la commission disciplinaire et les tribunaux de la République Française. Fait à Clermont-Ferrand, le 1 avril 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my thesis director Professor Dr. Arnaud DIEMER, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for the research opportunity you offer me the first time I came in France with my family in 2015, encouraging to take the DU in Sustainability Education training and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been invaluable. Furthermore, without your support this would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my co-directors Suren ERKMAN and Gemma CERVANTES for all your brilliant comments and suggestions. As well as the opportunity Gemma facilitate me to make this research mobility in Guanajuato during 4 months, sharing your network contacts with me, and making possible to gather the data I needed for the case study development. Without your support and guidance, the development of the Altamira case study diagnosis and analysis would not be possible. All my appreciation to the committee members, professor Claude-Gilles DUSSAP, Nicolas BUCLET, Paul JAMES and Raffaella TADDEO for serving as my committee members even at hardship. I also want to thank you for letting my defense be an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions during the writing process, thanks to you. I would especially like to thank the business associations and the environment and security director/manager of each company that participate in the case studies for trust in this project and invest your worthy time to provide me insightful data through the interviews and the data you shared with me. Thanks to the municipality authorities in Altamira and Dunkirk industrial symbiosis project for insightful comments and the commitment, you show in the development of this research study. A special thanks to my beloved wife Fatima and my daughters Frida and Elise. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my wife for all of the sacrifices that you have made on my behalf. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank the French Ph.D. team for all the grateful and insightful academic discussions we had. But also for this 3 year we spend working together and challenging ourselves for a deep self-conviction that world could become better, thanks Timothy PARRIQUE, Ganna GLADKIKH, Abdourakhmane NDIAYE, Florian DIERICKX, Julian TORRES, Faheem KHUSHIK and all PhD students, administrative and academic staff at CERDI, the Industrial Bioeconomy Chair members at NEOMA BS – Campus Reims and the ACTe laboratory. Thank to my family in Mexico for supporting me for everything, and especially I cannot thank you enough for encouraging me throughout this experience. Finally, I thank my God, my good Father, for letting me through all the difficulties. I have experienced your guidance day by day. You are the one who let me finish my degree. I will keep on trusting you for my future. Thank you, Lord. FOREWORD This thesis is the outcome of a research effort that encompasses a set of published papers with the intention to unfold a clear narrative string. It addresses industrial symbiosis as an inter-firm innovative strategy looking forward to achieve strong sustainability in developing and developed countries. One of the benefits of the system’s causality understands improvement, and the knowledge management (Mauelshagen et al., 2014) goes beyond the merely analytical-deliberative process integrating technical assessments and social values to produce legitimate policy design and outcomes. Given that IS cannot expect strong sustainability accomplishment if its governance does not place significant effort into managing and supporting this collaborative network, with a complementary commitment in efficiency and resilience, as well as conciliating local and global issues. Our study aims to provide a territorial and systemic approach able to integrate the complexity of motivations and values sometimes contradictory between stakeholders, seeking to provide a rigorous and coherent framework for public/private policy recommendations. For this purpose, we call on some disciplines like economics geography, industrial ecology and systems analysis. The thesis structure encompasses: - An introduction, presenting the context of the study, the state of the art related to industrial symbiosis, the research questions and objectives of the dissertation, the theoretical assumptions we state and the theoretical framework we call to bear the assumptions we previously state. We present the methodology and the relevant outcomes we obtain when giving answer to the research questions analyzed. - A set of five scientific papers, published or under revision, inquiring in the theoretical foundations, the literature review on what we build the theoretical assumptions stated, and the methodology process that we draw up to analyze the case studies in France and Mexico. - Finally, the conclusion highlights the main outcomes of the study and the theoretical and methodological contributions shedding light to the analyzed problematic. ABSTRACT Industrial symbiosis (IS) is presented as an inter-firm organizational strategy with the aim of social innovation that targets material and energy flow optimization, but also structural sustainability. In this study, we present systems thinking and geographical proximity as the theoretical framework used to analyze industrial symbiosis through a methodology based on System Dynamics and the underpinning use of Causal Loop Diagrams, aiming to identify the main drivers and hindrances that reinforce or balance the industrial symbiosis’s sustainability. The understanding of industrial symbiosis is embedded in a theoretical framework that conceptualizes industry as a complex ecosystem in which qualitative and quantitative approaches can be integrated, if we use a methodology flexible enough to encompass the complexity of the stakeholder’s values and motivations in the same analysis. Furthermore, the methodology performs a comparative strength over descriptive statistical forecasting, because it is able to integrate social causal rationality