1 "Everything we learn begins with suspicion." 2 CONTENTS • SPACE: PLANETS • EXTINCT ANIMALS • SUMMARY OF THE YEAR 2020 • CORONAVIRUS (COVİD-19) • TURK WOMEN WHO LEFT THEIR MARK IN HISTORY • THAY DAY IN HISTORY • MUSEUM TO VISIT BEFORE YOU DIE • STEP BY STEP THOUGHTS • I AM A STUDENT • EASY WAYS TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE • REPOTAGE • THEATRE REFLECTION • BOOK REFLECTION • FILM REFLECTION • IDIOMS • EVERY DAY ENGLISH • WOULD YOU RATHER QUESTIONS • FUN BREAK • MUSIC PUZZLE • COMPLETE THE STORY • CROSSWORD PUZZLE • TANGRAM • ORIGAMI • ANSWER KEY • REFERENCES 3 SPACE : PLANETS The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) recognizes that there are 8 planets in total. However, the discovery of Pluto in 1930 caused controversy among astronomers. While it was said that there were 9 planets in total and considered as a planet when it was discovered, The International Astronomical Union decided to call Pluto a dwarf planet in 2006. All planets are grouped under 3 main headings; -TERRESTRIAL PLANETS: As the name suggest, they took this name because a large part of their surface consist of land. Earth, Mars, Venus also called inner planets, are among this group. -JOVIAN PLANETS: Unlike terrestrial planets, they are larger and gaseous. These planets, also called exoplanets, are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. -DWARF PLANETS: The dwarf planet that defined as ‘’ The rotation of another object around the Sun without a satellite, being big enough to rotate by its own gravity and having a clean orbit’’ is Pluto. Before moving on to the order of planets in the Solar system, let’s talk about the properties of the Sun; SUN The Sun, which is a star, consist almost entirely of helium and hydrogen gas. The distance of the sun, the closest star to the Earth, to our planet is 149.500.000. It rotates around its axis at a speed of 70,000 km per hour. It completes a full tour in 25 days. MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to Sun and there is a distance of 58.910.000 km between them. The temperature of the face facing the Sun reaches 450 degress. İt drops to -170 degrees that night. Its area is 74.800.000 km and it is the smallest planet in the solar system. The planet Mercury has no satellites. İts orbit is 88 days and is the fastest planet in the Solar system. 4 VENUS Venus, the second planet of the Solar system, is close to Earth in size. It is hotter than Mercury, it is known to heat up to 456 degrees. Its distance from the Sun is 108.200.000 km, and the Sun completes one complete rotation around it in224.7 Earth days. Venus is very hot because it does not release the Sun rays and there is no season because it does not have an Axis tilt Unlike the other planets, Venus rotates in the opposite direction. WORLD Our planet is the 3rd planet closest to the Sun. Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases. İt is the only known planet that can be lived. Each year 1.5 cm away from the Sun. It completes its rotation around itself in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds. Around the Sun, it takes 5 hours 48 minutes and 46 seconds for 365 days. MARS The 4th plane Mars turns red due to he iron oxide on it. It has two stellates named Phobos and Deimos. 144.800.000 km square. Average temperature on Mars is known as -60 degrees. It is the planet that is thought to be life because it is very similar to Earth and therefore it was the planet that was sent the most spacecraft. JUPITER Jupiter, the fifth planet closest to the Sun, has a small core and is mainly composed of liquid hydrogen. Its radius is 69,911 km and it is the largest planet in the Solar system. Jupiter also has a storm that has been going on for about 350 years, so a red stain appears to it. One complete rotation around the Sun takes 12 years. It has 79 satellites and the largest is ‘’ Ganymede’’. The average temperature of Jupiter is -140 degrees. 5 SATURN It is the 6th closest planet to the Sun. It is the lowest density planet in the Solar system. Known for its rings of rocks and ice, Saturn has 62 moons. It has 62 moons. It completes one full rotation around the Sun in 29.5 years. URANUS It is the 7th planet closest to the Sun. Its equator is the only planet that is almost perpendicular to its orbit. Astronomers interpret this as the result of collision with a planet-sized object long ago. This slope has resulted in seasons lasting more than 20 years. It has 13 rings around it. Its average temperature is -224 degrees. Only one spacecraft ever visited Uranus NEPTUNE It is the farthest planet from the Sun. Neptune, with a radius of 24.622 km, completes a full tour in its orbit in 165 years. Its average temperature is -214 degrees. Neptune, which is 17 times the size of the Earth, has 14 moons. It is constantly stormy and storms occur at a speed of 1340 km per second DWARF PLANET PLUTO Pluto, which is mostly made up of rocks, completes one complete orbit in 248 year. It is 1/6 of the Moon and is made of gas, rock and ice. Its radius is 1,188,3 km. 6 EXTINCT ANIMALS Dinosaurs At least 500 living species have been extinct in the world so far. Among these endangered animals, dinosaurs are of course the best known. Dinosaurs dominated land life for 160 million years. Until today, many claims have been made about how dinosaurs disappeared. The view put forward by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez and geologist Walter Alvarez is that 'the generations of dinosaurs ended 65 million years ago when an asteroid hit Earth. Of the 1000 dinosaur species on earth, it is known to have been extinct 65 million years ago. Caspian Tiger Caspian tiger in the west, Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Mongolia, and of course the name with which it lived around the northern part of the Caspian Sea. It is known that the Caspian tigers died out in 1970 with the death of the last member of the species in Russia. Moa Bird Although moa are considered to be the biggest bird species in the world, their generations have been destroyed by humans. It lives in the forests and plains of New Zealand. They are a bird that can’t fly. They were not carnivores. They ate only grasses, fruits, and leaves. Tasmanian Wolf The Tasmanian wolf, a large carnivorous marsupial native to Australia, lived until the 1930s. Kangaroos, sheep and birds are their staple food. The reason for extinction is that those who migrated from Europe began to destroy nature. North Pacific Whales North Pacific whales have become extinct rapidly, especially due to the whaling that started in the 1960s. The age of these whales, which weigh 70 tons, is revealed thanks to their teeth. They feed on dense copepod and Cyrillic populations. 7 Feathered Mammoth Feathered Mammoths, which went extinct 4000 years ago, lived in the polar regions of Asia and North America. They became extinct as they were hunted by humans for their flesh, bones, and teeth. They fed on grass and straw weed. Irish Deer The Irish Deer, known as the largest deer species ever to exist, is claimed to have become extinct 7700 years ago. Human hunting has a great contribution to their extinction. Same time; the decrease in the calcium resources required for the large horns because the retreating ice is effective in this animal extinction. The Golden Frog It is stated that the Golden Toad living in Costa Rica became extinct in 1939. Climate change brought about by global warming has caused the extinction. It can also eat other insects that live in the moist soils of the forest, such as crickets, bugs, flies or termites. Pinta Island Turtle The last Pinta Island Turtle living in Pinta, one of the Galapagos archipelagos, died in 2012 when he was 100 years old. They feed on herbs, leaves, cacti, lichens, and fruits. Like other saddleback turtles, the Pinta Island subspecies lived mainly in arid plains, but probably made seasonal migrations at higher altitudes to more humid areas. Black Western Rhino They became extinct in 2011 as a result of illegal hunting. The black rhino is an animal from the order of "ungulates" living in Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. They feed on leaves, fruit and soft plant parts of trees. 8 SUMMARY OF THE YEAR 2020 1-) THE ADVENT OF THE TURKEY CORONA VIRUS AND CONTAINMENT OF EFFECTS OF The description of this article is 3 pages later. 2-) 2020 IS THE HOTTEST YEAR One of the most important issues that marked the year 2020 was the impact of climate change on the world. In 2020, where more attention was paid to fires, melting glaciers and greenhouse gas emissions, thermometers in Yakutsk region in Siberia, known as the coldest place in the world, went up to 38 degrees, while the United Nations announced that 2020 was the hottest year ever measured. 3-) 100 THOUSAND FIRES IN AMAZON FORESTS With the statement made in October, the number of fires in the Amazon forests, which broke out about 100 thousand fires in 2020, reached the peak of the last 12 years. While the Amazon forests, known as the “lungs of the world”, provide 20 percent of the earth’s oxygen, in 2020, natural life was damaged more and more every day in the forests where 10 percent of the world’s plant and animal species live.