PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 1 Krakowie A Companionw to Polish Christian PhilosophyIgnatianum of the 20th and 21st Akademia Centuries by © Copyright PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 2 Publishing Series THE POLISH CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE 20TH CENTURY Mieczysław Gogacz Stanisław Kamiński Kazimierz Kloskowski Kazimierz Kłósak Feliks Koneczny Mieczysław Albert Krąpiec Piotr Lenartowicz Tadeusz Styczeń Tadeusz Ślipko Józef Tischner Karol Wojtyła Jacek Woroniecki Zofia Józefa ZdybickaKrakowie A Companion to Polish Christian Philosophy of the 20th andw 21 st Centuries Scientific Board Artur Andrzejuk, Tadeusz BiesagaIgnatianum SDB, Józef Bremer SJ, Piotr Duchliński, Fr. Grzegorz Hołub, Fr. Jarosław Jagiełło, Adam Jonkisz, Fr. Jan Krokos, Anna Latawiec, Anna Lemańska, Damian Leszczyński, Fr. Ryszard Moń, Zbigniew Pańpuch, Ewa Podrez, Paweł Skrzydlewski, Fr. Jan Sochoń, Krzysztof Stachewicz, Fr.Akademia Kazimierz M. Wolsza, Fr. Władysław Zuziak by © Editorial Board Fr. Maciej Bała, Piotr Stanisław Mazur Copyright https://pchph.ignatianum.edu.pl PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-02.qxp_DRUK 02/08/20 10:53 Page 3 Krakowie A Companionw to Polish Christian PhilosophyIgnatianum of the 20th and 21st Akademia Centuries by © Edited by Piotr S. Mazur Piotr Duchliński Paweł Skrzydlewski Copyright Ignatianum University Press Krakow 2020 PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 4 © Copyright by Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie, 2020 This publication was financed within the frame of the Minister of Science and Higher Education programme: “Monuments of Polish philosophical, theological and social thought of the 20th and 21st century,” conducted in 2016–2020. Project no. 0033/FIL/2016/90 Krakowie w Reviewers Fr. Stanisław Janeczek Włodzimierz Tyburski Ryszard Wiśniewski Supervising editor Roman Małecki Ignatianum Proofreading Aeddan Shaw Jacek Pawłowicz Index of names Dariusz Piskulak Akademia Typesetting by Lesław Sławiński© Cover design PHOTO DESIGN – Lesław Sławiński CopyrightISBN 978-83-7614-473-3 Ignatianum University Press ul. Kopernika 26 • 31–501 Krakow, PL tel. +48 12 39 99 620 [email protected] http://wydawnictwo.ignatianum.edu.pl PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 5 Table of contents Krakowie LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . .w . 7 INTRODUCTION Piotr S. Mazur, Piotr Duchliński, Paweł Skrzydlewski . 9 1. LOGIC AND METHODOLOGYIgnatianum OF SCIENCES Adam Jonkisz, Jacek Poznański SJ . 19 2. METAPHYSICS Fr. Tomasz Duma . 51 3. EPISTEMOLOGYAkademia 75 Piotr Duchliński,by Jarosław Kucharski . 4. PHILOSOPHY© OF NATURE Anna Lemańska . 99 5. PHILOSOPHY OF MAN Fr. Władysław Zuziak . 123 Copyright 6. ETHICS Fr. Ryszard Moń, Ewa Podrez . 145 7. AXIOLOGY Krzysztof Stachewicz . 167 8. AESTHETICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF ART Roman Konik . 195 PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 6 9. PHILOSOPHY OF GOD AND RELIGION Andrzej Gielarowski . 217 10. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY Paweł Skrzydlewski, Piotr S. Mazur . 249 11. PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE Tomasz Homa SJ, Urszula Tes . 271 12. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Marek Urban CSsR . 295 INDEX OF NAMES 321 . Krakowie. w Ignatianum Akademia by © Copyright PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIK Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie [Jesuit University Igna- tianum in Krakow] ATK Akademia Teologii Chrześcijańskiej w Warszawie [Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw] ChAT Chrześcijańska Akademia Teologiczna w Warszawie [Chris- tian Theological Academy in Warsaw] IFiS PAN Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk [In- stitute of Philosophy and Sociology of Polish Academy of Sciences] KUL Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski [Catholic UniversityKrakowie of Lublin] PAN Polska Akademia Nauk [Polish Academy of Sciences]w PAT Papieska Akademia Teologiczna [Pontifical Academy of Theology] PAU Polska Akademia Umiejętności [Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences] WSNS Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych w Warszawie [Higher School of Social Sciences inIgnatianum Warsaw] PRL Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa [Polish People’s Republic] PWSZ Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Chełmie [The State School of Higher Education in Chełm] PWT Papieski Wydział Teologiczny [Pontifical Faculty of Theology] UAM UniwersytetAkademia im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu [The Adam Mickiewiczby University in Poznań] UG Uniwersytet© Gdański [University of Gdańsk] UJ Uniwersytet Jagielloński [Jagiellonian University] UJK Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach [The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce] UMCS Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie [The Maria Copyright Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin] UMK Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu [The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń] SWPS Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie [Warsaw School of Social Psychology] UO Uniwersytet Opolski [University of Opole] UP Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie [Pedagogical Univer- sity of Krakow] 7 PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 8 UPJPII Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie [Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow] US Uniwersytet Szczeciński [University of Szczecin] UŚ Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach [University of Silesia in Katowice] UW Uniwersytet Warszawski [University of Warsaw] UWM Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie [University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn] UWr Uniwersytet Wrocławski [University of Wrocław] WFTJ Wydział Filozoficzny Towarzystwa Jezusowego w Krakowie [Faculty of Philosophy of the Society of Jesus in Krakow] WSD Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne [The Higher Theological Seminary] Krakowie WSEZiNS Wyższa Szkoła Edukacji Zdrowotnej i Naukw Społecznych w Łodzi [Academy of Health Education and Social Sciences in Łódź] Ignatianum Akademia by © Copyright 8 PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 9 Piotr Stanisław Mazur Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow Piotr Duchliński Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow Paweł Skrzydlewski The State School of Higher Education in Chełm INTRODUCTION Krakowie w The aim of the Companion to Polish Christian Philosophy of the 20th and 21st Centuries is a synthetic presentation of the academic achieve- ments of thinkers whose manner of philosophizing may be regarded as belonging to a broadly conceived category of Christian philosophy. Numerous works on the history of philosophy have highlighted its unique features and the role it played,Ignatianum especially in the times of real socialism (1945–1989) when Marxism was the philosophy promoted by the authorities. At that time, Christian philosophy was a sign of pluralism and openness to different thinking trends developed in Western Europe, something which could not be explored by Polish philosophical scholarsAkademia at the time due to censorship. At the same time, because of its very nature, Christian thought made it possible for all of the philosophyby practiced in Poland in that period to main- tain pluralism.©1 The current literature may allow us to become famil- iar with many aspects of Christian philosophy in Poland, but there is no single monograph that presents it as a whole, showing the contri- bution it has made to shaping the philosophical culture of Poland over the last 120 years. CopyrightThe Christian philosophy which developed in Poland in the 20th century is an integral part of its entire intellectual culture. That is why any omittance or conscious ignorance of this fact means that subse- quent interpretations lose an important factor in understanding its identity. For many years, especially in the period of communism, 1 J. Skoczyński, J. Woleński, Historia filozofii polskiej (Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM, 2010). 9 PRZEWODNIK-EN-SKLAD-2020-VIII-05.qxp_DRUK 05/08/20 11:05 Page 10 A COMPANION TO POLISH CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY OF THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES negative stereotypes concerning Christian philosophy were promoted and the scientific achievements of Christian thinkers, as well as the importance of their contribution to Polish culture and education, were understated. The dominance of naturalist tendencies Polish phi- losophy and in the world in general makes it difficult to reliably eval- uate the achievements of Christian philosophers even now, at the beginning of the 21st century. There are still many people who ques- tion the value and significance of Christian philosophy, pushing it into the murky corners of academia, and treating it as ideologically infected, overly religious way of thinking that hinders the develop- ment of science, culture and philosophical education. Among its various social and cultural changes, Christian philos- ophy has been struggling over its own identity for a long time.Krakowie It is because this thought is a historical product. It was establishedw in a specific time, under the influence of particular cultural conditions related to the adaptation of the Christian doctrine to the image of the world shaped by ancient philosophy. The fact of the historical ex- istence of this philosophy has not been generally questioned, but its methodological and epistemological status has raised many doubts. That is why as a result, many of the Ignatianumpast discussions on the subject focused not on its historical dimension, but on its methodological.2 Many of the philosophers who developed this type of philosophy felt the need to justify the way of philosophizing they had adopted, especially due to the fact that such a justification was—to a greater or lesser extent—requiredAkademia by the cultural context