THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 THE WORLD’S FLAWED AND FAILED CONTESTS Pippa Norris, Richard W. Frank, and Ferran Martínez i Coma February 2014 THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 WWW. ELECTORALINTEGRITYPROJECT.COM The Electoral Integrity Project Department of Government and International Relations Merewether Building, HO4 University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Phone: +61(2) 9351 6041 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.electoralintegrityproject.com Copyright © Pippa Norris, Ferran Martínez i Coma, and Richard W. Frank 2014. All rights reserved. Photo credits Cover photo: ‘Ballot for national election.’ by Daniel Littlewood, http://www.flickr.com/photos/daniellittlewood/413339945. Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Page 6 and 18: ‘Ballot sections are separated for counting.’ by Brittany Danisch, http://www.flickr.com/photos/bdanisch/6084970163/ Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Page 8: ‘Women in Pakistan wait to vote’ by DFID - UK Department for International Development, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/8735821208/ Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Page 14: ‘Buena participación’ by Gabriel Flores Romero, http://www.flickr.com/photos/gabofr/7482482958/in/set- 72157630320052078. Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Printed and bound in Sydney, Australia. ISBN-10: 0646918222 ISBN-13: 978-0-646-91822-8 1 Page THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 WWW. ELECTORALINTEGRITYPROJECT.COM Contents 1.Executive summary _________________________________________________________________________ 5 2. Introduction ______________________________________________________________________________ 6 3. The design of the survey ____________________________________________________________________ 7 The concept of electoral integrity ___________________________________________________________ 7 Measuring electoral integrity ______________________________________________________________ 7 The Electoral Integrity Project______________________________________________________________ 7 Election coverage _______________________________________________________________________ 7 Experts ________________________________________________________________________________ 7 Time-period ____________________________________________________________________________ 8 Confidence intervals _____________________________________________________________________ 8 Download the PEI_2 datase _______________________________________________________________ 8 4. Summary of results ________________________________________________________________________ 9 Figure 1: The Perceptions of Electoral Integrity index (PEI) _______________________________________ 9 High integrity contests___________________________________________________________________ 10 Figure 2: PEI, democracy and development _________________________________________________ 10 Moderate integrity elections ______________________________________________________________ 11 Low integrity elections __________________________________________________________________ 11 World regions _________________________________________________________________________ 11 Figure 3: PEI by world region______________________________________________________________ 12 Figure 4: The world map of electoral integrity ________________________________________________ 12 Major problems during the electoral cycle ___________________________________________________ 12 Figure 5: The PEI electoral cycle ___________________________________________________________ 13 Figure 6: Performance of each stage during the electoral cycle___________________________________ 13 Looking Ahead _________________________________________________________________________ 14 Table 1: Summary results by election _______________________________________________________ 15 Table 2: Summary of results by global region _________________________________________________ 18 Table 3: Summary of indicators by types of regimes ___________________________________________ 18 5. Results by election ________________________________________________________________________ 19 Albania _______________________________________________________________________________ 20 Angola _______________________________________________________________________________ 21 Argentina _____________________________________________________________________________ 22 Armenia ______________________________________________________________________________ 23 Australia______________________________________________________________________________ 24 Austria _______________________________________________________________________________ 25 2 Azerbaijan ____________________________________________________________________________ 26 Page THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 WWW. ELECTORALINTEGRITYPROJECT.COM Barbados _____________________________________________________________________________ 27 Belarus _______________________________________________________________________________ 28 Bhutan _______________________________________________________________________________ 29 Bulgaria ______________________________________________________________________________ 30 Burkina Faso __________________________________________________________________________ 31 Cambodia ____________________________________________________________________________ 32 Cameroon ____________________________________________________________________________ 33 Chile _________________________________________________________________________________ 34 Congo, Republic of _____________________________________________________________________ 35 Cuba _________________________________________________________________________________ 36 Cyprus _______________________________________________________________________________ 37 Czech Republic ________________________________________________________________________ 38 Czech Republic ________________________________________________________________________ 39 Czech Republic ________________________________________________________________________ 40 Djibouti ______________________________________________________________________________ 41 Ecuador ______________________________________________________________________________ 42 Equatorial Guinea ______________________________________________________________________ 43 Georgia ______________________________________________________________________________ 44 Georgia ______________________________________________________________________________ 45 Germany _____________________________________________________________________________ 46 Ghana _______________________________________________________________________________ 47 Grenada ______________________________________________________________________________ 48 Guinea _______________________________________________________________________________ 49 Honduras _____________________________________________________________________________ 50 Iceland _______________________________________________________________________________ 51 Iran __________________________________________________________________________________ 52 Israel ________________________________________________________________________________ 53 Italy _________________________________________________________________________________ 54 Japan ________________________________________________________________________________ 55 Japan ________________________________________________________________________________ 56 Jordan _______________________________________________________________________________ 57 Kenya ________________________________________________________________________________ 58 Korea, Republic of ______________________________________________________________________ 59 Kuwait _______________________________________________________________________________ 60 Kuwait _______________________________________________________________________________ 61 3 Lithuania _____________________________________________________________________________ 62 Page THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 WWW. ELECTORALINTEGRITYPROJECT.COM Madagascar ___________________________________________________________________________ 63 Malaysia______________________________________________________________________________ 64 Maldives _____________________________________________________________________________ 65 Mali _________________________________________________________________________________ 66 Malta ________________________________________________________________________________ 67 Mauritania ____________________________________________________________________________ 68 Mexico _______________________________________________________________________________ 69 Micronesia, Federated States _____________________________________________________________ 70 Mongolia _____________________________________________________________________________ 71 Montenegro __________________________________________________________________________ 72 Montenegro __________________________________________________________________________ 73 Nepal ________________________________________________________________________________ 74 Netherlands ___________________________________________________________________________ 75 Norway ______________________________________________________________________________ 76 Pakistan ______________________________________________________________________________ 77 Paraguay _____________________________________________________________________________